Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
引用 cartel（卡特尔）——期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引用次数的现象——已经存在了很长时间。
Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
引用 cartel（卡特尔）——期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引用次数的现象——已经存在了很长时间。
In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.
2016年，研究人员开发了一种算法，用于识别可疑的引用模式，包括相互之间引用比例异常高的作者群体，以及频繁相互引用以提高其出版物影响因子的期刊群体。
How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?
这种引用操纵行为有多恶劣？
In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.
在其中一个例子中，某个人——同时担任作者、编辑和顾问——能够使用至少15种期刊作为引用来源，这些期刊引用了三位大学里五位科学家发表的文章。
例句取自历年考研英语真题，翻译为机器生成，仅供学习参考。