2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East.

驿站是沿丝绸之路在包括中国、北非和中东在内的地区建造的路边旅馆。

They were typically 1 outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or 2 .

它们通常位于1城市或村庄的城墙外，并且通常由政府或2资助。

This word "Caravanserais" is a 3 of the Persian word "karvan", which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and "seray", a palace or enclosed building.

这个词"Caravanserais"是波斯语单词"karvan"的3，意为一群旅行者或商队，以及"seray"，即宫殿或封闭建筑。

The term caravan was used to 4 groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, 5 merchants, travellers or pilgrims.

商队一词用于指代4人群，他们出于安全原因一起穿越古代网络，5商人、旅行者或朝圣者。

From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the 6 of the caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.

从 10世纪起，随着商路和旅行路线的发展，驿站的 6增加，它们成为人们夜间休息的安全场所。

Travellers on the Silk Road 7 possibility of being attacked by thieves or being 8 to extreme weather conditions.

丝绸之路的旅行者面临7被盗贼袭击或8极端天气条件的可能性。

For this reason, caravanserais were strategically placed 9 they could be reached in a day's travel time.

因此，驿站被战略性地设置在9它们可以在一天的行程内到达的位置。

Caravanserais served as an informal 10 point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.

驿站曾作为非正式的 10 个点，供不同的人们在丝绸之路旅行时使用。

11 , these structures became important centers for cultural 12 and interaction, with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, 13 taking knowledge with them, greatly 14 the development of several civilisations.

11 ，这些结构成为文化 12 和交流的重要中心，旅行者分享他们的文化、思想和信仰， 13 带走知识，极大地 14 了几个文明的发展。

Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and 15 in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.

驿站也是丝绸之路上商品贸易的重要市场，15在商品贸易中扮演了重要角色。

16 , it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and 17 supplies for their own journeys.

16 ，它经常是商人们出售商品和为自己的旅程准备 17 补给的第一站。

It is 18 that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, 19 only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in 20 .

据估计，丝绸之路沿线曾建有约12000至15000座驿站，19 如今仅约3000座仍存，许多已处于20状态。

The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.

德克萨斯州的天气可能自从最近的极端高温之后有所降温，但本月在奥斯汀举行的州教育委员会会议上，随着官员们就如何在德克萨斯州的学校中教授气候变化问题展开辩论，会议现场的温度将会很高。

Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils.

帕特·哈迪同情能源行业的观点，她正在抵制针对青少年科学课程标准的拟议修改。

"There are as many scientists working against all the panic of global climate change as there are those who are pushing it," she claims.

她声称，有和那些推动全球气候变化恐慌论调一样多的科学家在反对这种观点。

"Texas is an energy state and we need to recognise that.

德克萨斯州是一个能源大州，我们需要认识到这一点。

You need to remember where your bread is buttered.

你要记住你的面包是用黄油涂抹的。

Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy's views.

大多数科学家和专家都强烈反驳哈迪的观点。

Board members like her "casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion," says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education.

德克萨斯自由网络（Texas Freedom Network）的高级传播战略师丹·昆恩表示，像她这样的委员会成员"随意地将学者和科学家的职业成果轻蔑地视为另一种错误的观点"。德克萨斯自由网络是一个非营利组织，负责监督公共教育。

Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.

此类辩论反映了全美范围内关于气候变化事实教学的激烈讨论，研究人员、政策制定者、教师和学生都在呼吁学校更加重视这一议题的教学。

A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.

去年，由非营利组织国家科学教育中心（由科学家和教师组成）进行的一项研究，调查了全国各州公立学校在科学课程中如何应对气候变化问题，结果显示仅有不到一半的美国州获得了B+或更高的成绩。

Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.

在表现最差的10个州中，包括一些人口最多的州，如德克萨斯州，它获得了最低的评分（F），并且由于其教科书在其他地方广泛销售，因此具有不成比例的影响力。

Glenn Branch, the centre's deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards.

该中心的副主任格伦·布兰奇警告说，在将决策权下放给地方学校委员会的国家里，制定州级科学标准只是有限的一个基准。

Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, "that does not mean it will be taught", he says.

即使一个州在科学标准方面被认为是表现优异的，"这也不意味着它会被教授", 他说。

Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry.

另一个问题是，尽管气候变化在某些学科和某些年龄段（如高中阶段的地球与空间科学）已经很好地融入了教学内容，但在面向年幼儿童的课程以及更广泛教授的学科（如生物和化学）中，其内容表现得不够充分。

It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.

在许多社会研究课程中，气候变化的内容也显得不那么突出。

Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers.

布兰奇指出，即使越来越多的官方指南和教科书反映了科学界对气候变化的共识，一些非官方的教育材料却正在向教师分发，这些材料传达了更加偏颇的观点。

They include materials sponsored by energy industry associations.

这些材料包括由能源行业协会资助的内容。

Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s.

自2010年代以来，随着Airbnb等平台的兴起，新英格兰各地的社区一直在试图规范短期租赁。

Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there's an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.

如今，随着房价创历史新高且房源库存处于历史低位，这种监管的紧迫性显著增加，尤其是在那些担心开发商会大量购入住房并在短期租赁市场中高价转售的人群中。

In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market.

在新罕布什尔州，该州的租房空置率已降至1%以下，住房倡导者担心不受控制的短期租赁将进一步加剧本已紧张的住房市场。

The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.

该州立法机构最近投票否决了一项法案，该法案原本将禁止城镇制定限制短期租赁的法规。

"We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing," said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast.

新英格兰大海岸地区劳动力住房联盟的执行主任尼克·泰勒表示："我们在租赁住房供应方面已经达到了危机水平。"

Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, "employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live," Taylor said.

泰勒表示："如果没有足够的可负担住房，南部新罕布什尔州的城镇将难以吸引雇主，而工人也难以找到住处。"

However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realtors.

然而，当地房地产协会的首席执行官瑞安·卡斯特指出，短期租赁也为游客提供了住房。

"A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term," Castle said, "and so it's a cyclical effect.

卡斯特表示："许多工人服务于旅游业，而旅游业又依赖这些短期入住的人，因此这是一个循环效应。"

Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy.

短期租赁本身并不是问题的关键，负担得起住房政策专家凯伦·霍恩表示。

"I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing.

我认为个人能够出租自己的第二套住房是一件好事。

If it's their vacation home anyway, and it's just empty, why can't you make money off it?

如果这本来就是他们的度假屋，而且一直空置着，为什么不能从中赚钱呢？

Horn said.

霍恩说。

Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations.

然而，当开发商试图创建大规模的短期租赁设施——实际上就是酒店——以规避税收和监管时，问题就出现了。

"I think the question is, shouldn't a developer who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?

我认为问题是，如果一个开发商实际上是在建造酒店，但却伪装成不是酒店，那他不应该像酒店一样被对待、征税和监管吗？

Horn said.

霍恩说。

At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers.

到2018年底，马萨诸塞州州长查理·贝克签署了一项法案，以限制那些潜在的投资购房人。

The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy.

该法案要求每一位租赁房东向州政府注册，必须持有保险，并且在新的州级税收基础上，还可能征收地方税。

Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city's Inspectional Services Department.

波士顿更进一步，要求房东向市环境卫生部门注册。

Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but "if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.

霍恩表示，类似的注册要求可能对陷入困境的城市和城镇有益，但"如果我们想在住房市场上做出改变，最主要的是我们必须建造更多的住房。"

If you're heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex's new children's book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.

如果你正前往英国最大的图书零售商沃特尔斯通斯（Waterstones）最近的门店，寻找苏塞克斯公爵夫人新出版的儿童读物《The Bench》，你可能需要多找找；同样地，寻找比尔·克林顿和詹姆斯·帕特森合著的新惊悚小说《The President's Daughter》也可能如此。

Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House (PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.

这两本书将于下周由企鹅兰登书屋（Penguin Random House，简称PRH）出版，而这家公司目前正与沃特尔斯通斯处于僵持状态。

The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones "at a very significant level".

问题始于去年年底，当时PRH确认它已与沃特尔斯通斯"在非常显著的水平上"引入了信用额度限制。

The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were "quietly retiring them to their relevant sections".

贸易杂志《The Bookseller》报道称，沃特尔斯通斯的门店经理被指示将PRH的书籍从显眼的位置如桌子、展示区和橱窗中移除，并被要求"悄悄地将它们归还到相应的书架区域"。

PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: "Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade.

PRH拒绝就此事发表评论，但沃特尔斯通斯的一位发言人告诉我："沃特尔斯通斯目前从PRH获得的信用条款有所减少，而PRH是英国唯一一家对我们交易能力施加限制的出版商。"

We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock.

我们并不是在抵制PRH的图书，但我们会尽最大努力确保在库存总量较低的情况下，顾客仍能获得良好的供应。"

We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately.

我们希望随着门店重新开放，正常情况能够恢复，并且我们会被允许适当采购。

Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy.

当然，我们的书店异常繁忙。

The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.

我们五月份的“本月推荐书”销售业绩超过了自2018年以来的任何一个月。

In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers.

与此同时，PRH的作者们却成了输家。

Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it's those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff's passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.

知名PRH作者可能会受到一些影响，但那些中等知名度的作者，他们通常依赖于沃特尔斯通书店员工对推广不知名作家作品的热情，才会祈求这场纠纷早日结束。

It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.

这发生在作者们已经担忧PRH与另一家大型出版商西蒙与舒斯特（Simon & Schuster）拟议合并的后果之时——英国独立出版商数量的减少可能会导致竞价战减少、预付稿酬降低，以及在出版内容方面更加趋同。

"This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels.

所有这些都属于更广泛的变化趋势，即权力集中和出版商卡特尔的形成。

Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon," says Lownie.

文学经纪公司正在变得更大，以拥有与出版商谈判更好条件的影响力，出版商也在合并以应对亚马逊，”洛尼说。

"The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.

出版业谈论作者和员工的多样性，但同时也需要多种方式来提供思想交流、选择和不同声音。

After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.

毕竟，近年来许多最有趣的书籍都是由小型出版社出版的。

We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.

我们将看到，这种多样性是否会成为当前出版商为了足够强大以应对所有竞争者而产生的牺牲品。

Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.

科学论文是科研进展的记录者。

Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals.

每年研究人员在3万多种期刊上发表数以百万计的论文。

The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates.

科学界通过多种方式衡量这些论文的质量，包括期刊的感知质量（如期刊标题的影响因子所反映的）以及某篇具体论文所积累的引用次数。

The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.

科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉，取决于他们发表的论文数量和声望，但更取决于这些论文所吸引的引用次数。

Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.

引用 cartel（卡特尔）——期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引用次数的现象——已经存在了很长时间。

In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.

2016年，研究人员开发了一种算法，用于识别可疑的引用模式，包括相互之间引用比例异常高的作者群体，以及频繁相互引用以提高其出版物影响因子的期刊群体。

Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.

最近，这种掠夺性行为的另一种表现形式出现了：所谓的支持服务咨询公司，它们为个人作者和期刊提供语言及其他编辑支持，有时会建议投稿者在他们的文章中增加若干引用。

The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals.

电子出版的兴起以及作者寻找发表论文渠道的需求，导致了数千种新期刊的诞生。

The birth of predatory journals wasn't far behind.

掠夺性期刊的出现也紧随其后。

These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.

这些期刊可以充当‘奶牛’，每期中的每篇文章都可能引用某篇特定的论文或一系列论文。

In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.

在某些情况下，文章内容与所引用的文献之间完全没有关联。

The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals.

奇怪的是，编辑 supposedly 为之工作的期刊实际上并没有从中获利——它只是为其他期刊提供引用。

Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.

此类行为可能导致一篇文章在发表的同年就获得超过150次的引用。

How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?

这种引用操纵行为有多恶劣？

In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.

在其中一个例子中，某个人——同时担任作者、编辑和顾问——能够使用至少15种期刊作为引用来源，这些期刊引用了三位大学里五位科学家发表的文章。

The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new "international" journals.

这个问题在Scopus（一个引文数据库）中尤为严重，它包含了大量新的"国际"期刊。

In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.

事实上，在这种引文操纵行为中，被Scopus收录似乎已成为一个目标标准。

Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice.

Scopus本身拥有检测这种不当行为所需的所有数据。

Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.

红色预警信号包括一篇文章在第一年内被引用次数异常多。

And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.

对于希望避免参与引文卡特尔活动的作者来说：如果编辑、审稿人或支持服务要求你添加不恰当的参考文献，请不要顺从，并将这一要求报告给期刊。