2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.

流体智力是指与短期记忆以及快速、逻辑性和抽象性地思考以解决新问题相关的智力类型。

It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.

它在青年时期1，一段时间内保持稳定，然后在2随着年龄增长开始缓慢下降。

But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.

但3衰老是不可避免的，科学家发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非不可避免。

One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.

一项研究发现，肌肉流失和腹部脂肪的4与流体智力下降有关。

This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.

这表明5生活方式因素可能有助于预防或6这种类型的衰退。

The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.

研究人员查看了来自 4000多名中年至老年男女的 7测量瘦肌肉和腹部脂肪的数据，并 8这些数据来报告六年内流体智力的变化。

They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .

他们发现中年人9腹部脂肪含量较高10在流体智力的测量中表现更差，随着年岁的增长11。

For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 .

对于女性，这种关联可能与腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化有关；在男性中，免疫系统似乎并未13。

It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.

希望未来研究能够14这些差异，并可能为男性和女性带来不同的15。

16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 .

16 有一些步骤你可以17来帮助减少腹部脂肪并随着年龄增长维持瘦肌肉质量，以保护你的身体和心理健康18。

The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

强烈推荐的两种生活方式方法是保持或增加你的19有氧运动，以及遵循地中海风格20，其高纤维并排除高度加工食品。

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?

铁路运营商怎么可能再次合理化提高铁路乘客票价呢？

It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.

这已成为一种令人沮丧但每年都会发生的惯例：每年一月，火车出行的成本都会上涨，给那些别无选择只能依靠铁路网络通勤或出行的人带来显著的额外负担。

This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

今年的涨幅平均为2.7%，虽然比去年略低一些，但仍远高于官方消费者价格指数（CPI）衡量的通货膨胀率。

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.

历届政府都允许此类涨价，理由是铁路网络的投资和运营成本应由使用者承担，而不是由全体纳税人承担。

Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?

为什么，论据如此，林肯郡的一位开车领取养老金的老人却要补贴萨里郡一位股票经纪人的日常通勤费用呢？

Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

同样地，人们有一种感觉，即东南部通勤者的困境，其中许多人将面临最大的票价上涨，相比那些不得不忍受中 Midlands 和北方相对落后基础设施的通勤者，受到了过多的关注。

However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.

然而，在过去12个月里，这些通勤者也经历了数年来最严重的铁路罢工。

It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.

尽管铁路运营商大肆宣传他们对网络进行的改进，但乘客理应能期望在如今支付的高额费用下获得基本的服务水平。

The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.

最新一轮罢工的责任应归咎于工会。

However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

然而，有一个强有力的论点认为，那些受工业行动影响最严重的乘客，应因其所遭受的干扰而获得补偿。

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.

政府已承诺修改法律，引入最低服务要求，以确保即使发生罢工，服务仍能继续运营。

This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.

这应成为一套更广泛措施的一部分，以解决英国铁路长期存在的问题。

Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.

是的，需要更多的投资，但如果乘客还必须忍受拥挤、不可靠的服务，以及在时刻表变更或计划中的维护管理不善时频繁出现的混乱，他们也不会无限期地愿意支付更多费用。

The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

国有化的威胁虽然目前已被遏制，但如果不能迅速解决乘客合理的愤怒情绪，它将以更猛烈的方式卷土重来。

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.

去年标志着印度尼西亚森林砍伐率连续第三年放缓。

One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.

这一转变的一个原因可能是该国的扶贫计划。

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.

2007年，印度尼西亚开始逐步实施一项计划，在一定条件下向最贫困的居民提供资金，例如要求人们让儿童继续上学或定期接受医疗服务。

Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.

这些被称为有条件现金转移（CCTs）的社会援助计划旨在减少不平等并打破贫困的循环。

They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide.

目前，这些计划已在全球数十个国家得到应用。

In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

在印度尼西亚，该计划已提供了足够的食物和药品，显著减少了儿童严重的生长问题。

But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment.

但CCT项目通常不会考虑对环境的影响。

In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

约翰霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗·费拉罗表示，实际上，扶贫与环境保护往往被视为相互冲突的目标。

That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.

这是因为经济增长可能与环境退化相关，而保护环境有时又与更大的贫困相关。

However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect.

然而，这些相关性并不能证明因果关系。

The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.

唯一一项此前分析因果关系的研究，基于墨西哥一个实施了CCT项目的地区，支持了传统观点。

There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

费拉罗说，在那里，随着人们获得更多金钱，其中一些人可能清理了更多土地来饲养牲畜以生产肉类。

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.

然而，这类项目并不一定对环境产生负面影响。

Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.

费拉罗想看看印尼的扶贫项目是否正在影响森林砍伐。

Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

印度尼西亚拥有世界第三大的热带雨林面积，同时也是森林砍伐率最高的国家之一。

Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.

费拉罗分析了2008年至2012年期间的卫星数据——包括印度尼西亚实施扶贫计划的过渡阶段——覆盖了15个省份的7,468个有森林的村庄，显示了每年的森林损失情况。

"We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.

费拉罗说：‘我们看到该计划与森林砍伐率下降30%相关。’

That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says.

费拉罗表示，这可能是因为农村贫困人口将这笔钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。

Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.

通常情况下，如果降雨延迟，人们可能会清理土地以种植更多的水稻，来补充他们的收成。

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.

这项研究是否适用于其他地区，目前尚无定论。

Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.

费拉罗认为，由于诸如水稻种植的重要性以及市场准入等共同因素，研究结果可能适用于亚洲其他地区。

And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment.

无论该研究结果是否具有可移植性，这项研究都表明，对人有益的事情可能也对环境有益。

Even if this program didn't reduce poverty, Ferraro says, "the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

即使这个项目没有减少贫困，费拉罗说，"仅就二氧化碳排放量而言，避免森林砍伐的价值就超过了该项目的成本。"

As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).

作为一名总是寻找能让我们重新审视过去的文本或图像的历史学家，我开始着迷于寻找那些展示我们维多利亚时代祖先微笑的照片（还有什么比这更能打破19世纪保守刻板的印象呢？）。

I've found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir.

我已经找到了不少这样的照片，而且——自从我开始在推特上发布它们以来——这些照片引起了相当大的轰动。

People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.

人们看到维多利亚时代的人们也有乐趣，并且能够、也确实会笑，感到很惊讶。

They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

他们指出，随着将我们与维多利亚时代相隔的百余年逐渐消逝，通过共同的笑声体验，维多利亚时代的人们突然显得更加人性化。

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.

当然，我必须承认，我收集的‘微笑的维多利亚人’只占1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影作品中的一小部分，大多数照片中的人物则是在画布背景前痛苦而僵硬地摆姿势，或者茫然地盯着远处。

How do we explain this trend?

我们如何解释这一趋势？

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.

在1840年代和1850年代，摄影的早期阶段，曝光时间非常长：达盖尔银版摄影法（在镀银铜板上成像）可能需要几分钟才能完成，导致人物在移动或调整姿势时产生模糊的图像。

The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

想到在相机完成其神奇任务时必须保持固定的笑容，这让人难以想象，因此不置可否的空白眼神成了常态。

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.

但到了1880年代，曝光时间已经大大缩短，而盒式布朗尼相机和其他便携式相机的出现意味着，尽管与今天的数码标准相比仍然缓慢，但曝光几乎可以瞬间完成。

Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

到了1890年代，捕捉自发的笑容已经相对容易，因此我们必须从其他方面寻找解释，说明维多利亚时代的人为何仍然犹豫于露出笑容。

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.

一个可能的解释是，露出傻笑会显得失去尊严。

"Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth," ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.

有一句流行的维多利亚时代的格言说："大自然赋予我们嘴唇，是为了遮掩牙齿，" 这句话暗示了在正规牙科诞生之前，人们的口腔卫生状况常常令人震惊。

A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

在维多利亚时代社会中，一口洁白、干净、整齐的牙齿是罕见的景象，只有超级富有的人（即使如此，口腔卫生也并不一定有保障）才拥有。

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.

露出牙齿的笑容（尤其是当有牙缝或发黑的牙齿时）显得缺乏教养：醉汉、流浪汉和音乐厅的表演者可能会像刘易斯·卡罗尔笔下露出牙龈的柴郡猫一样咧嘴大笑，但对真正有教养的人来说，这种笑容并不合适。

Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".

即使是喜欢开怀大笑的马克·吐温，也说过在拍摄肖像照时，"没有什么比永恒定格的傻笑和愚蠢笑容更令人不齿的了。"

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals'.

从宽带网络发展的早期阶段开始，消费者和基于网络的公司的支持者就担心，提供宽带连接的有线和电话公司拥有偏袒关联网站而损害竞争对手的权力和动机。

That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.

这就是为什么一直存在如此强烈的要求，希望制定规则来防止宽带提供商在网上挑选赢家和输家，从而保护互联网赖以生存的自由和创新。

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill — in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.

然而，这一需求几乎无法实现——部分原因是宽带提供商、反监管的保守派和法院的抵制。

A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight.

周二，一家联邦上诉法院再次介入此案，但与其提供急需的解决方案，不如说它只是延长了这场斗争。

At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.

美国哥伦比亚特区上诉法院面前的问题，是联邦通信委员会（FCC）于2017年以党派路线投票通过的最新关于网络中立性的立场。

The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.

这份由共和党起草的命令不仅废除了FCC在2015年拥有民主党多数席位时所采纳的严格网络中立规则，还否定了该委员会要求宽带提供商做很多事情的权力。

The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.

该命令还宣称州和地方政府也不能监管宽带提供商。

The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.

委员会辩称，其他机构将负责防止反竞争行为，例如像AT&T这样的宽带提供商 conglomerate 偏袒其自身的视频流媒体服务，而损害Netflix和Apple TV等竞争对手。

Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.

然而，FCC还结束了对那些对其竞争对手的流媒体服务实施数据上限但不对自身服务实施数据上限的宽带提供商的调查。

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.

周二，上诉法院一致维持了2017年取消对宽带提供商监管的决定，并援引了2005年最高法院的一项裁决，该裁决支持了类似取消监管的举措。

But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.

但帕特里夏·米勒特法官在一份附议意见中正确指出，"这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节了"，并表示国会或最高法院可以介入，以"避免将互联网监管困在技术上的过时观念中"。

In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.

与此同时，法院驳回了FCC试图阻止所有州制定网络中立性规则的尝试，但保留了该委员会阻止个别州法律削弱其命令的权力。

That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.

这意味着将会有更多像美国司法部与加利福尼亚州之间正在进行的那样的斗争，加州在FCC放弃监管后通过了一项严格的网络中立性法律。

The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.

FCC无休止的法律斗争和反复无常的决策，迫切需要国会采取行动。

It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

国会需要明确赋予该委员会一次性和最终的权力，以禁止宽带提供商干预其网络上的流量，并制定明确的规则来保护网络的开放性和创新性。