2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be.

做个好父母当然是每个父母都希望成为的。

But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.

但定义什么是好父母无疑是非常1的，尤其是因为孩子们对同一种育儿方式的反应不同。

A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2, a younger sibling.

一个冷静且遵守规则的孩子可能比2号的年幼兄弟姐妹更能适应不同的育儿方式。

3, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to 4: a patient parent.

3，还有另一种父母类型更容易被 4：一位耐心的父母。

Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.

各个年龄段的孩子都能从耐心的育儿方式中受益。

Still, 5 every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy 6.

然而，5每个父母都希望有耐心，这并非6易事。

Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed style with their kids.

有时父母会感到疲惫和沮丧，无法以7和冷静从容的态度对待孩子。

I understand this.

我明白这一点。

You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far.

你只是人类，有时你的孩子会8你稍微远了一点。

And then the 9 happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good.

然后第 9 件事发生了：你失去了耐心，要么对孩子们大喊大叫，要么说出一些过于 10 的话，对任何人都没有好处。

You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over, We’ve all been there.

你希望你能倒转 11时钟并重新开始，我们都有过这样的经历。

12, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time.

12，尽管这是很常见的，但重要的是要记住，在你一时疲劳的时候，你对孩子所说的话可能会在很长一段时间内 13 。

This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your child’s self-esteem.

这不仅可能损害你与孩子的关系，还可能14孩子的自尊心。

If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.

如果你经常在与孩子相处时失去 15，那么你无意中是在向孩子展示缺乏情绪控制。

We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.

我们越来越意识到对年轻一代而言示范宽容和耐心的第 16 题。

This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.

这是一种将伴随他们一生的技能。

In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when 17 by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.

事实上，当在17压力下时，情绪调节或维持情绪控制的能力是人生最重要的技能之一。

Certainly, it’s incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your children.

当然，对你的孩子来说，始终如一地保持耐心是极其18的。

A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children.

更实际的目标是尽你所能，在面对涉及你孩子的 19 种情况时，尽可能保持宽容和冷静。

I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal.

我可以向你承诺这一点：由于致力于实现这一目标。

you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.

你和你的孩子将从压力时刻中获益并20在身体和情绪上感觉更好。

Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.

老鼠和其他动物需要高度关注来自其他动物的社会信号，以便识别可以合作的朋友和需要避免的敌人。

To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.

为了确定这一点是否适用于非生物，加州大学圣地亚哥分校的Laleh Quinn及其同事测试了老鼠是否能探测到机械鼠发出的社交信号。

They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial—for four days.

他们将八只成年老鼠与两种类型的机器人鼠——一种社交型，一种非社交型——共同饲养了四天。

The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colourful markings.

这些机器人老鼠设计非常极简，类似于一个更粗壮的电脑鼠标，配有轮子用于移动和彩色标记。

During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.

在实验过程中，具有社会性的机器人老鼠会跟随活老鼠四处走动，玩相同的玩具，并打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃脱。

Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.

与此同时，缺乏社会性的机器人老鼠只是来回移动和左右摆动。

Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

接下来，研究人员将机器人关进笼子并给了老鼠一个通过按下杠杆来释放它们的机会。

Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 per cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.

在每只活鼠的 18次试验中，它们平均更有可能 52%释放社交机器人而非非社交机器人。

This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being, says Quinn.

昆恩表示，这表明老鼠将具有社会性的机器人老鼠视为真正的社会存在。

The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exploring and playing.

这些老鼠可能更倾向于与社交机器人建立联系，因为它表现出了一些类似群体探索和玩耍的行为。

This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says.

她说，这可能导致老鼠更好地记住之前曾释放过这个机器人，并在自己被困时希望机器人回报它们的恩情。

“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.

Quinn说：'研究表明，老鼠会参与多种形式的互惠帮助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠，即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过自己的另一只老鼠。'

The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.

鉴于其极简设计，老鼠乐于与社交机器人结交朋友令人惊讶。

The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.

这个机器人和普通老鼠一样大小，但看起来像一个装有轮子的简单塑料盒子。

“ We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

澳大利亚昆士兰大学的Janet Wiles表示：'我们原本以为必须给它装上可动的头部和尾巴、面部特征，并让它散发出类似真实老鼠的气味，才能让它看起来更像一只老鼠，但事实证明这并不必要。' 她参与了这项研究。

The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.

研究结果表明，即使这些线索来自基础机器人，老鼠对社会线索也非常敏感。

says Wiles.

Wiles说。

Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.

同样地，孩子们往往会把机器人当作同类来对待，即使它们只表现出简单的社交信号。

“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,” says Wiles.

Wiles说：'人类似乎对机器人着迷，结果发现其他动物也是如此。'

It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%.

的确，CEO的薪酬已经上涨了——顶尖的CEO平均薪酬可能是普通工人的300倍，而且自20世纪70年代中期以来，美国大型上市公司CEO的薪酬，根据不同的估算，已经上涨了大约500%。

The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.

如今，美国顶尖公司的CEO年薪约为1890万美元。

The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.

理解CEO薪酬增长的最佳模型是：在一个顶级企业商业机会迅速增长的世界里，CEO人才却十分有限。

The efforts of America’ s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy.

美国收入最高的1%人群的努力已成为全球经济中更具活力的要素之一。

It’s not popular to say.

说这个并不流行。

but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

但其中一个原因他们的薪酬大幅上涨是CEO们确实提升了自身能力相对于美国经济中的许多其他工人。

Today’ s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to “run the company.

如今的首席执行官，至少对于主要的美国公司而言，必须具备比仅仅能够“经营公司”更多的技能。

CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them.

首席执行官必须具备良好的金融市场意识，并且甚至如何在其中进行交易。

They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant.

他们还需要比前辈更好的公关技能，因为即使是一个小失误的代价也可能很重大。

Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries.

此外，美国大型公司如今比以往任何时候都更加全球化，其供应链也遍布更多的国家。

To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling.

要在这样的体系中领导企业，需要具备相当令人难以置信的知识。

Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another.

此外，几乎所有大型美国公司都正在以这样或那样的方式转变为科技公司。

Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.

除此之外，主要的首席执行官们仍然必须完成他们一直以来所做的日常事务性工作。

The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well.

普遍认为高额的首席执行官薪酬主要是剥削他人，这一观点并不能很好地解释历史情况。

By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s.

从大多数指标来看，自20世纪70年代以来，公司治理已经变得严格得多，也更加严谨了。

Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.

然而，高管薪酬主要是在治理更严格的时期保持较高水平并持续上涨。

That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.

这表明，从更广泛的企业利益来看，为日益艰难的工作招募顶尖候选人是必要的。

Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.

此外，最高的首席执行官薪酬是给予外部候选人，而不是给予那些关系密切的内部挑选的人，这又是一个迹象，表明高额的首席执行官薪酬并非是以牺牲公司其他部分的利益为代价的掠夺行为。

And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.

当公司把首席执行官的薪酬与股票价格等挂钩时，股市会作出积极反应，这表明这些做法不仅提升了首席执行官的个人利益，也增加了企业的价值。

Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars.

去年11月，当马德里推出针对污染最严重的汽车的严厉限制措施时，曾被誉为公共卫生领域的灯塔。

Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

七个月加一天选举日后，一个新的保守派市议会暂停了清洁空气区的执行，这是该区域可能被废除的第一步。

Mayor José Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality.

何塞·路易斯·马丁内斯-阿尔梅达市长将反对该区域作为其选举活动的核心内容，尽管该区域在改善空气质量方面取得了成功。

A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated.

但现在一位法官推翻了该市停止征收罚款的决定，下令恢复罚款。

But with legal battles ahead, the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.

然而，随着法律斗争的展开，该区域的未来至少看起来是不确定的。

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable.

除了其他弱点外，当城市被迫独自应对空气污染时所采取的措施在政治上存在争议，因此容易受到攻击。

That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

这是因为这些措施不可避免地将治理空气污染的成本转嫁给个人司机——他们必须支付费用或购买更好的车辆——而不是转嫁给那些因作弊而真正导致我们有毒污染的汽车制造商。

It’s not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.

很难想象伦敦也会发生类似的逆转。

The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election.

新的超低排放区（Ulez）很可能成为明年市长选举中的一个重大议题。

And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

如果萨迪克·汗获胜，并如他所计划的在2021年将该措施扩展到北环路和南环路，那么势必会引发大量受到影响的司机的强烈反对。

It's not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless.

并不是说像伦敦的超低排放区（Ulez）这样的措施毫无作用。

Far from it.

远非如此。

Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’ health in the face of a serious threat.

地方官员正在利用他们现有的手段，在面对严重威胁时努力保障居民的健康。

The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma.

这些区域确实带来了一些空气质量的改善，而科学告诉我们，这意味着真正的健康益处——减少心脏病发作、中风和早产，降低癌症、痴呆和哮喘的发生率。

Fewer untimely deaths.

减少意外死亡的数量。

But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.

但市长和市议员们对于一个远比任何一座城市或城镇更为庞大的问题，也只能做这么多。

They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.

他们之所以采取行动，是因为国家政府——英国的以及欧洲其他国家的——未能履行这一职责。

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.

限制高污染车辆进入某些区域——市中心、‘学校街道’，甚至个别道路——是对国家层面未能有效执行现有法规、并要求汽车公司使其车辆符合标准这一更大努力的缺失所作出的回应。

Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution.

威尔士已经引入了特殊的低速限制，以最大限度地减少污染。

We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.

我们正在做一切努力，但坚持要求汽车制造商清理他们的车辆。

Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.

如今，Z世代的成员正在今年春天毕业，这是最普遍接受的定义：该世代出生于1995年后，上下一年左右——最近几周，对此的关注度稳步上升。

Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that’s tighter than it's been in decades.

Z世代即将进入劳动力市场寻找工作，而目前的劳动力市场比几十年来都要紧张。

And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

根据美国大学与雇主协会进行的一项调查，今年美国雇主计划聘用的新毕业生人数将比去年增加约17%。

Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.

每个人都想知道，即将占据那些空置办公隔间的人，与他们之前的世代会有什么不同。

If “entitled” is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.

如果说‘自以为是’是最常被用来形容千禧一代（1981年至1995年间出生的人）的形容词，无论公平与否，那么Z世代的关键词则是实际和谨慎。

According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists.

据研究他们的职业顾问和专家所说，Z世代的人目光敏锐，是经济实用主义者。

Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like.

尽管进入了过去50年中最繁荣的经济环境，Z世代的人却知道经济崩溃是什么样子的。

They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both.

他们在2008年经济危机期间还是容易受影响的孩子，当时许多父母失去了工作或耗尽了积蓄，甚至两者皆有。

They aren't interested in taking any chances.

他们对冒险不感兴趣。

The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt.

繁荣的经济似乎并未缓解这一代人根深蒂固的焦虑和紧迫感，尤其是对于那些有大学债务的人来说更是如此。

College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.

根据美联储的数据，目前美国的大学贷款余额已达到创纪录的1.5万亿美元。

One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind.

一项来自埃森哲的调查显示，今年88%的应届毕业生在选择专业时都考虑到了就业前景。

In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose).

与此同时，一项对佐治亚大学学生的2019年调查显示，职业办公室发现，未来雇主最受青睐的特质是能提供稳定的工作（其次是职业发展和培训，然后是能激发使命感）。

Job security or stability was the second most important career goal(work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.

工作稳定或保障是第二重要的职业目标（工作与生活平衡是第一位），其次是能够为某种事业奉献或为服务更大的社会目标而感到自豪。

That’s a big change from the previous generation.

这与上一代人相比发生了巨大的变化。

“Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,” notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth.

英国品牌管理公司YouthSight的助理总监Tanya Michelsen指出，千禧一代希望在生活中拥有更多的灵活性，该公司定期对英国青年进行60天的调查，其调查结果同样适用于美国青年。

“Generation Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy.

Z世代由于零工经济的兴起，正在寻求更多的确定性和稳定性。

They have troubles seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse.

他们难以看到自己未来的财务前景，并且对风险相当厌恶。

It's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.

几乎不可能不经历某种失败就度过一生。

But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.

但失败的美妙之处在于，我们完全由自己决定如何看待它。

We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world”.

我们可以选择将失败视为世界末日。

Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.

或者，我们可以把失败视为常常是不可思议的学习经历。

Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn.

每次我们在某事上失败，我们都可以选择寻找我们应学习的教训。

These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again.

这些教训非常重要；它们是我们成长的方式，也是我们避免再次犯同样错误的方法。

Failures stop us only if we let them.

失败只有在我们允许它们的时候才会阻止我们。

Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.

失败也能教会我们一些关于自己的事情，这些事情在其他情况下我们永远无法学到。

For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.

例如，失败可以帮助你发现你有多坚强。

Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.

在某事上失败可以帮助你发现你最真诚的朋友，或帮助你找到意想不到的成功动力。