2025年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

There are many understandable reasons why you might find it difficult to ask for help when you need it.

有很多可以理解的原因，当你需要帮助时，你可能会发现寻求帮助很困难。

Psychologists have been interested in this 1 for decades, not least because people’s widespread 2 to ask for help has led to some high-profile failures.

心理学家几十年来一直对这一1感兴趣，尤其是因为人们普遍存在的2求助倾向导致了一些高调失败。

Asking or help takes 3.

询问或帮助需要3。

It involves communicating a need on your part-there’s something you can’t do.

这涉及到传达你这边的需求——有些事情是你无法做到的。

4, you’re broadcasting your own weaknesses which can be 5.

4，你正在暴露自己的弱点，这可能会被 5。

You might worry about coming across as incompetent.

你可能会担心显得无能。

You might have 6 about losing control of whatever it is you’re asking for help with.

你可能对正在寻求帮助的任何事情失去控制感到担忧。

7 someone starts to help, perhaps they’ll take over, or get credit for your earlier efforts.

7 当有人开始帮助时，也许他们会接管，或为你的早期努力获得赞誉。

Yet another 8 that might be worried about is being a nuisance or 9 the person you go to for help.

还有另一个8可能会让人担忧的是成为麻烦或9你求助的人。

If you struggle with low self-esteem, you might find it especially difficult to 10 for help because you have the added worry of the other person 11 your request.

如果你在自尊心低下方面有困扰，你可能会发现尤其难以 10寻求帮助，因为你还有别人 11你请求的额外担忧。

You might see such refusals as implying something 12 about the status of your relationship with them.

你可能会将这些拒绝视为暗示着你与他们关系的某种12。

To 13 these difficulties, try to remind yourself that everyone needs help sometimes.

Nobody knows everything and can do everything all by themselves.

没有人能通晓一切并独自完成所有事情。

And while you might 14 coming across as incompetent, there’s actually research that shows that advice-seekers are 15 as more competent, not less.

而你可能会14显得无能，但事实上有研究表明，寻求建议的人会被认为15更有能力，而不是更无能。

Perhaps most encouraging of all is a paper from 2022 by researchers at Stanford University that involved a mix of contrived help-seeking interactions and asking people to 16 times they’d sought help in the past.

最令人鼓舞的是斯坦福大学研究人员于 2022 年发表的一篇论文，该论文结合了人为设计的帮助寻求互动和询问人们过去寻求帮助的 16 次情况。

The findings showed that help-seeker generally underestimate how 17 other people will be to help and how good it’ll make the help-giver feel (for most people, having the chance to help someone is highly 18 ).

研究结果表明，求助者通常会低估其他17人愿意帮助的程度以及帮助者会感到多好（对大多数人来说，有机会帮助他人是非常18的）。

So, bear all this in mind the next time you need to ask for help 19, take care over who you ask and when you ask them.

所以，下次你需要 19 帮助时，请记住这些，注意向谁求助以及何时求助。

And if someone can’t help right now, avoid talking it personally.

如果有人现在无法提供帮助，就不要将其视为个人问题。

They might just be too 20, or they might not feel confident about their ability to help

他们可能只是太20了，或者他们可能对自己的帮助能力缺乏信心

U.S. customers historically tipped people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips, such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage.

历史上，美国顾客通常会给那些他们认为大部分收入来自小费的人小费，比如那些赚取的工资低于最低工资的餐厅服务员。

In the early 2010s, a wide range of businesses started processing purchases with iPads and other digital payment systems.

在2010年代初，各种各样的企业开始使用iPad和其他数字支付系统处理购买交易。

These systems prompted customers to tip for services that were not previously tipped.

这些系统促使顾客为那些以前不给小费的服务支付小费。

Today's tip requests are often not connected to the salary and service 3 norms that used to determine when oud how people tip.

如今的小费请求往往与过去决定人们何时以及如何给予小费的工资和服务3的规范无关。

Customers in the past nearly always paid tips after receiving a service, such as at the conclusion of a restaurant meal, after getting a haircut or once a pizza was delivered.

过去的顾客几乎总是在接受服务之后支付小费，比如在餐厅用餐结束时、理发之后或披萨送达后。

That timing could reward high-quality service and give workers an incentive to provide it.

这种时机安排可能会奖励高质量的服务，并给员工提供提供此类服务的动力。

It's becoming more common for tips to be requested beforehand.

提前要求小费的情况正变得越来越普遍。

And new tipping technology may even automatically add tips.

而且，新的小费支付技术甚至可以自动添加小费。

The prevalence of digital payment devices has made it easier to ask customers for a tip.

数字支付设备的普及使得向顾客请求小费变得更加容易。

That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kind of services.

这在一定程度上解释了为什么小费请求正逐渐渗透到新的服务类型中。

Customers now routinely see menus of suggested default options-often well above 70% of what they owe.

现在顾客经常能看到建议的小费默认选项菜单，通常高达他们应付金额的70%以上。

The amounts have risen from 10% or less in the 1950s to 15% around the year 2000 to 20% or higher today.

小费比例从20世纪50年代的10%或更低，上升到2000年左右的15%，如今则达到20%或更高。

This increase is sometimes called tipflation-the expectation of ever-higher tip amounts.

这种增长有时被称为‘小费膨胀’（tipflation），即对越来越高小费金额的预期。

Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services, like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US $2.

小费一直是历史上依赖小费服务行业工人的重要收入来源，比如在餐馆中，小费最低工资可以低至2美元。

13 an hour.

每小时13

Tip creep and tip flation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.

小费上涨和小费膨胀现在进一步补充了众多低薪服务业工人的收入。

Notably, tipping primarily benefits some of these workers, such as cooks and dishwashers.

值得注意的是，小费主要使其中一些工人受益，例如厨师和洗碗工。

To ensure that all employees were paid fair wages, some restaurants banned tipping and increased prices, but this movement toward no-tipping services has largely fizzled out.

为了确保所有员工都能获得公平的工资，一些餐厅禁止小费并提高了价格，但这种向无小费服务转型的运动大多已经偃旗息鼓了。

When it was established, the National Health service (NHS) was visionary: offering high-quality, timely care to meet the dominant needs of the population it served/Nearly 75 years on; with the UK facing very different health challenges, it is clear that model is out of date.

当国家卫生服务（NHS）建立时，它具有前瞻性：提供高质量、及时的医疗服务，以满足其所服务人口的主要需求；将近75年过去了，随着英国面临截然不同的健康挑战，很明显，这一模式已经过时。

From life expectancy to cancer and infant mortality rates, we are lagging behind many of our peers/With more than 6.8 million on waitlists, healthcare is becoming increasingly inaccessible for those who can not opt to pay for private treatment; and the cost of providing healthcare is increasingly squeezed out investment in other public services/ As demand for healthcare continues to grow, pressures on the workforce-which is already near breaking point-will only become more acute.

从预期寿命到癌症和婴儿死亡率，我们在许多同行国家中都处于落后地位；有超过680万人在候诊名单上，对于那些无法选择自费接受治疗的人来说，医疗保健正变得越来越难以获得；同时，提供医疗保健的成本正日益被挤占，导致对其他公共服务的投资减少。随着对医疗保健的需求持续增长，医疗工作者队伍——目前已接近崩溃边缘——所面临的压力只会变得更加严峻。

Many of the answers to the crisis in health and care are well rehearsed./We need to be much better at reducing and diverting demand on health services, rather than simply managing it./Much more needs to be invested in communities and primary care to reduce our reliance on hospital's/And capacity in social care needs to be greater, to support the growing number of people living with long-term conditions.

医疗和护理危机的许多应对措施已被反复讨论。我们需要更擅长减少和分流对医疗服务的需求，而不是仅仅管理需求。必须在社区和初级护理方面投入更多资源，以减少对医院的依赖。社会护理的容量需要更大，以支持越来越多患有长期疾病的人。

Heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years.

近年来，印度各地的高温应对计划（Heat Action Plans，简称HAPs）迅速增加。

In general, a HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions.

一般来说，HAP会明确规定官员应在何时以及如何发布高温预警，并通知医院和其他机构。

Nagpur's plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside "cold wards" in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.

例如，那格浦尔的计划要求医院在夏季设立"冷病房"，专门用于治疗中暑患者，并建议建筑商在非常炎热的日子里让建筑工人暂停工作。

But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a report from the Centre for Policy Research.

然而，根据政策研究中心的一份报告，现有HAP的实施情况参差不齐。

Many lack adequate funding, it found.

该报告发现，许多计划缺乏充足的资金支持。

And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate.

而且它们的触发阈值往往没有根据当地气候进行定制。

In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts.

在一些地区，仅白天的高温就可能作为发布预警的充分依据。

But in other places, nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.

但在其他地方，夜间温度或湿度可能与白天高温一样，是衡量风险的重要指标。

Mumbai's April heatstroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say.

研究人员表示，孟买四月的热射病死亡事件凸显了需要更加细致和本地化的预警措施。

That day's high temperature of roughly 36℃ was 1℃ shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities.

当天最高气温约36℃，比国家气象机构为沿海城市设定的热浪警报阈值低1℃。

But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems -and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.

但热浪的影响因湿度而加剧——这是热警报系统中经常被忽视的一个因素——而且上午晚些时候户外仪式缺乏遮荫。

To help improve HAPs, urban planner Rajashree Kotharkar's team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions.

为了帮助改进热应激预警系统（HAPs），城市规划师拉贾什丽·科塔卡尔的团队正在制定一个模型计划，概述最佳实践，并可根据当地情况进行调整。

Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.

她说，除了其他措施外，所有城市都应绘制脆弱性地图，以帮助将响应重点放在风险最大的人群中。

Such mapping doesn't need to be complex, Kotharkar says.

科塔卡尔表示，这种地图并不需要过于复杂。

"A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters.

通过查看几个关键参数，就可以创建一张有用的地图。

For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings might be poorer with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers.

例如，老年人口较多或存在非正式居住区的社区可能在应对高温方面更为薄弱，可以得到特别警告或增设降温中心来加强支持。

The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.

纳吉浦尔项目已经创建了一张风险和脆弱性地图，这使得科塔卡尔能够告诉官员们今年夏天热浪来临时应该重点关注哪些社区。

HAPs shouldn't just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium-to long-term measures that could make communities cooler.

研究人员表示，HAPs不应该只包括短期的应急响应，还应推荐中长期的措施，使社区变得更凉爽。

In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar's team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade.

例如，在纳吉浦尔，科塔卡尔的团队已经能够向城市官员建议在哪些地方种植树木以提供遮荫。

HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building regulations.

HAPs还可以指导对住宅进行改造或修改建筑规范的努力。

"Reducing deaths in an emergency is good target to have, but it's the lowest target," says climate researcher Chandri Singh.

气候研究员钱德里·辛格表示："在紧急情况下减少死亡人数是一个不错的目標，但这却是最低的目標。"

Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parts of our urban spaces, desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans.

在我们城市空间中，除了有组织的步道之外，还有欲望路径，这是社区非正式的足迹，揭示了人类未言明的偏好、共享的捷径和集体的选择。

Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people cand, animals, to go from point A to point B most effectively.

这些体现集体不服从的路线常常以踩踏出的泥路形式出现在原本整洁的绿色空间中，它们绕开角落、穿过草坪、跨越山丘，代表着人和动物从A点到B点最有效率的自然能力。

Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts; they offer valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour.

城市规划者认为，欲望路径不仅仅是方便的捷径；它们还提供了关于规划与行为之间关系的宝贵见解。

Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces, desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans.

在城市空间中，当我们走出有组织的步道和公园时，欲望小径是社区的非正式足迹，揭示了人类未言明的偏好、共享的捷径和集体的选择。

Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A to point B most effectively.

这些集体不服从的路线常以被踩踏的泥土小径形式出现在原本整洁的绿色空间中，穿过角落、横穿草坪并穿越山丘，体现了人类（及动物）从A点到B点最有效率的自然能力。

Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts; they offer valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour.

城市规划者认为，欲望路径不仅仅是方便的捷径；它们还提供了关于规划与行为之间关系的宝贵见解。

Ohio State University allowed its students to navigate the Oval, a lawn in the centre of campus, freely, then proceeded to pave the desire paths, creating a web of effective routes students had established.

俄亥俄州立大学允许其学生自由地在校园中心的草坪‘Oval’上行走，随后却将学生自行开辟的有效路线铺设成了柏油路，形成了一张路线网络。

Yet, reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans, citing concerns about safety, environmental impact, or primarily, aesthetics.

然而，其他规划者仍不愿将愿望路径纳入正式规划中，他们引用了对安全、环境影响或主要是美观方面的担忧。

A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks.

一个专门讨论这一现象的Reddit网页，拥有近5万名成员，展示了当地欲望小径的照片，并附有指示行人遵守指定步道的标志，突显了这些人为路径中固有的叛逆性质。

This clash highlights an ongoing struggle between the organic, user-driven evolution of public spaces and the desire for a visually curated and controlled urban environment.

这次冲突凸显了公共空间有机的、由用户驱动的演变与人们对视觉上精心策划和控制的城市环境的渴望之间的持续斗争。

The Wickquasgeck Trail is an example of a historical desire path, created by Native Americans to cross the forests of Manhattan and move between settlements quickly.

wickquasgeck小径是一个历史上的欲望小径的例子，由美洲原住民创建，用于穿越曼哈顿的森林，并在各定居点之间快速移动。

This trail, when Dutch colonists arrived, was widened and made into one of the main trade roads across the island, known at the time as de Heere Straat, or Gentlemen’s Street.

当荷兰殖民者到达时，这条小路被拓宽，并成为岛上的主要贸易道路之一，当时被称为de Heere Straat，即绅士街。

Following the British assumption of control in New York, the street was renamed

在英国接管纽约之后，这条街道被重新命名。

Broadway.

百老汇。

Notably, Broadway stands out as one of the few areas in NYC that defies the grid-based system applied to the rest of the city, cutting a diagonal across parts of the city.

值得注意的是，百老汇是纽约市少数几个不遵循应用于全市其他地区的网格化系统的区域之一，它穿过城市部分地区，呈对角线延伸。

In online spaces, desire paths have sparked a fascination that can approach obsession, with the Reddit page serving as a hub.

在网络空间中，欲望路径激发了一种近乎痴迷的兴趣，Reddit页面则成为了这一现象的中心。

Contributors offer a wide array of stories, from little-known new shortcuts to long-established alternate routes.

投稿者提供了各种各样的故事，从鲜为人知的新捷径到早已存在的替代路线。

Animal desire paths, such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving direct routes in gardens, highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal experiences.

动物的欲望路径，例如鸭子在结冰的池塘中开辟的小路，或者狗在花园里走出的直接路线，突显了这些路径在人类和动物体验中的适应性。

As desire paths criss-cross through both physical and virtual landscapes, they stand as a proof of the collective insistence on forging unconventional routes and embracing the spirit of communal choice.

随着欲望路径在物理和虚拟景观中纵横交错，它们成为集体坚持开辟非传统路线和接受共同选择精神的证明。

You know the moment - the conversation.

你知道那个时刻——对话。

Slows, then there's a pause.

变慢，然后出现暂停。

It's awkward, and so awkward that some people will panic and say anything.

这很尴尬，尴尬到一些人会惊慌失措并说出任何话来。

Do we all find such silences so stressful?

我们是否都发现这样的沉默如此有压力？

Researchers analysed the frequency and impact of gaps greater than 2 seconds daring conversations, including an overview of previous studies which indicate that the fear of awkward silences can be so extreme that people avoid taking to strangers, even though doing so is likely to be an enjoyable experience.

研究人员分析了对话中超过2秒的沉默频率及其影响，包括对之前研究的综述，这些研究表明人们对尴尬沉默的恐惧可能极端到避免与陌生人交谈，尽管这样做可能带来愉快的体验。

During conversations with short gaps, people feel more connected to their conversation partners.

在对话中存在短暂停顿时，人们会感到与他们的对话伙伴更加亲近。

But such feeing of connection markedly dip when entering a long gap.

但这种连接感在进入长时间的间隔时会明显下降。

Long gaps between strangers are likely to be followed by a change in topic.

陌生人之间的长时间沉默可能引发话题的改变。

But the opposite seems to be true for conversations between friends.

但朋友之间的对话似乎情况相反。

Long gaps there saw increased connection.

那里的长时间间隔出现了更多连接。

Between friends, longer gaps seem to provide natural moments for reflection and expression.

朋友之间，更长的间隔似乎能提供自然的时机进行反思和表达。