2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.

1924年，美国国家研究委员会派两名工程师去监督一系列实验，地点是芝加哥附近一家名为霍桑工厂的电话零件工厂。

It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity.

它希望他们能了解车间照明 1 工人的生产率。

Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to a new effect.

相反，这些研究结束 2 赋予新效应一个名字。

The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.

这个想法的产生是由于工厂中女性的第 4 种行为。

According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.

根据 5 的实验，当照明增强时，他们的每小时产量上升了，但当照明减弱时也会上升。

It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose.

它并没有6实验中所做的事；7某物被改变时，生产力提高了。

A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to change workers' behavior 10 itself.

一种 8 他们正在被实验的意识似乎 9 改变工人的行为 10 本身。

After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis.

经过数十年后，相同的数据被 11 应用于计量经济学分析。

The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store.

霍桑实验另有惊喜。

12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

12 现有记录中的描述，没有发现系统性的13 生产率水平与照明变化有关联。

It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened.

结果证明，进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了 14 种对所发生事情的解释。

15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday.

15 ，照明总是会在周日改变。

When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.

当工作在周一再次开始时，产量 16 比前一个周六有所上升，17 继续上升几天。

18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays.

18 ，与没有进行实验的周的数据进行比较显示，每周一的产出总是会上升。

Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.

工人 19 努力工作在任何情况下，都在 20 一个平台期后变得懒散。

This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.

这表明所谓的"Hawthorne effect"难以确定。

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

在过去的二十五年里，英语报纸发生了很多变化，其中最深远的变化可能是其艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可逆转地减少了。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.

对于四十岁以下的普通读者来说，很难想象曾经有一段时间，大多数大城市的报纸上都能找到高质量的艺术评论。

Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.

然而，20世纪出版的一些最重要的评论文集，很大程度上是由报纸上的评论文章组成的。

To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

今天阅读这些书籍，人们会惊叹于这些深奥的内容曾经被认为适合发表在面向大众的日报上。

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

我们与20世纪初到第二次世界大战前夕英国报纸上发表的那些不那么聚焦的评论文章更是相去甚远，那时报纸纸张极其便宜，而风格高雅的艺术评论则被视为其出版物的装饰。

In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.

在那个遥远的年代，人们理所当然地认为，主要报纸的评论家会详细而深入地撰写他们所报道的事件。

Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.

他们的工作是严肃的，即使是那些轻描淡写地展示学识的评论家，比如乔治·伯纳德·肖和欧内斯特·纽曼，也让人放心地相信他们知道自己在写什么。

These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.

这些人相信新闻业是一种使命，并为自己的文章发表在日报上而感到自豪。

"So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism," Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are'.

纽曼写道："如此之少的作者拥有足够的头脑或文学天赋来在新闻业中维持自己的地位，以至于我忍不住想把‘新闻业’定义为‘由不被阅读的作家用来蔑视那些被阅读的作家的术语’。

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.

不幸的是，这些批评者几乎已经被人们遗忘了。

Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

奈维尔·卡德斯从1917年开始为《曼彻斯特卫报》撰稿，直到1975年去世前不久，如今他仅以撰写关于板球运动的散文而闻名。

During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller.

然而在他生前，他也曾是英国最著名的古典音乐评论家之一，其文风广受赞誉，以至于他的自传（1947年出版）成为畅销书。

He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.

他于1967年被封为爵士，成为首位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

然而，他现在只有一本书在出版，他大量关于音乐的著作只有专家才知道。

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival?

卡杜斯的批评有任何复兴的可能吗？

The prospect seems remote.

前景似乎很渺茫。

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.

在他去世很久之前，新闻业的品味就已经发生了变化，后现代的读者对那种华丽繁复的维多利亚式散文几乎没什么兴趣。

Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

此外，音乐评论中的业余传统正迅速衰退。

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.

在过去十年中，数千项专利被授予了一些被称为商业方法的发明。

Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system.

亚马逊.com就因其"一键支付"在线支付系统获得了一项专利。

Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.

美林证券则获得了对其资产配置策略的法律保护。

One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

有一位发明者甚至为一种提起箱子的技术申请了专利。

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

现在，这个国家最高级别的专利法院似乎已完全准备削减商业方法专利，这类专利自十年前首次被授权以来就一直存在争议。

In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.

这一举措让知识产权律师们议论纷纷，美国联邦巡回上诉法院表示，它将利用一个特定案例对商业方法专利进行广泛审查。

In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D.

在该案被称为"In re Bilski"中，丹尼斯·D.表示，这"是一个非常重大的事件"。

Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law.

密苏里大学法学院的克劳奇。

It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.

它有潜力消除整个一类专利。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.

对商业方法专利的限制将是一个戏剧性的转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院本身在1998年所谓的State Street Bank案中裁定引入此类专利，批准了一种将共同基金资产进行集合的方法的专利。

That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.

该裁决导致了商业方法专利申请的激增，最初是由新兴的互联网公司申请的，这些公司试图为特定类型的在线交易确立排他性权利。

Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.

后来，一些更为成熟的企业纷纷竞相将此类专利加入自己的文件中，即使只是为了防范竞争对手抢先一步。

In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.

2005年，IBM在一份法庭文件中指出，尽管它质疑授予这些专利的法律依据，但该公司已获得了超过300项商业方法专利。

Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

同样，一些华尔街投资公司通过拥有金融产品的专利来武装自己，即使他们在法庭上反对这种做法的案件中持有立场。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.

Bilski案涉及一项声称的专利，该专利是关于在能源市场中对冲风险的方法。

The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.

联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的命令，指出该案将由法院全部12名法官审理，而不是通常由三名法官组成的小组，并且法院希望评估的一个问题是，是否应该"重新考虑"其此前的State Street Bank裁决。

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

联邦巡回法院的这一行动是在最高法院一系列最近的裁决之后发生的，这些裁决已经缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围。

Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious.

例如，去年四月，法官们表示，太多专利被维持有效，而这些专利所涉及的"发明"实际上是显而易见的。

The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says Harold C.

联邦巡回法院的法官们表示，"他们正在回应最高法院的反专利趋势，"哈罗德·C说。

Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

韦格纳，一位专利律师兼乔治·华盛顿大学法学院教授。

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected.

在他的著作《引爆点》中，马尔科姆·格拉德威尔认为，"社会流行"在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为驱动的，这些人通常被称为有影响力者，他们往往信息特别灵通、极具说服力或人脉广泛。

The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.

这个想法在直觉上很有吸引力，但它并不能解释思想究竟是如何传播的。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.

所谓影响者的重要性源自一种听起来合理但大多未经验证的理论，称为"传播的两步流程"：信息从媒体流向影响者，再由他们流向其他人。

Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.

营销人员接受了这种两步流程理论，因为它表明，只要他们能找到并影响这些影响者，这些人就会为他们完成大部分工作。

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.

这一理论似乎也能解释某些风格、品牌或街区突然而意外的流行。

In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.

在许多这样的案例中，粗略地寻找原因会发现，总有一些小群体在其他人注意到之前就已经在穿、推广或发展这些东西了。

Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

这种轶事证据与这样一个观点非常吻合：只有某些特殊的人才能引领潮流。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.

然而，最近一些研究人员的研究结果表明，影响者对社会流行现象的影响远没有人们普遍认为的那么大。

In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.

事实上，他们似乎根本就不是必需的。

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey - whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence - even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.

研究人员的论点源于对社会影响的一个简单观察：除了像奥普拉·温弗瑞这样少数几位其巨大影响力主要源于媒体而非人际影响的名人外，人群中最有影响力的人实际上并不与太多其他人互动。

Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

然而，正是这些非名人影响力者，根据两步传播理论，应该通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事来推动社会流行现象。

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.

然而，要使社会流行现象发生，每个受到影响的人随后都必须去影响他们自己的熟人，而这些熟人又必须进一步影响他们自己的熟人，依此类推；而究竟有多少其他人关注这些受影响的人，与最初的影响力者关系不大。

If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

例如，如果距离最初的影响力者仅隔两层关系的人表现出抵抗，那么这种变化的连锁反应就不会传播得很远，也不会影响到很多人。

Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.

基于这一关于人际影响的基本事实，研究人员通过进行数千次计算机模拟，研究了社会影响的动态过程，并操控了与人们影响他人能力及其容易被影响倾向相关的一些变量。

They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades" - the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

他们发现，所谓"全球连锁反应"——即通过网络广泛传播影响力——的主要条件并不是少数影响力者，而是存在一大批容易被影响的人，即所谓的临界质量。

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.

银行家们在公众场合一直将自己遭遇的困境归咎于自身。

Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.

但在幕后，他们却把矛头指向了其他人：制定会计准则的机构。

Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair.

他们抱怨说，这些机构制定的规则迫使他们报告巨额损失，这显然是不公平的。

These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

这些规则规定，他们必须按照第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产，而不是管理人员和监管者希望它们达到的价格。

Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working.

不幸的是，银行的游说现在似乎正在奏效。

The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.

细节可能无法知晓，但标准制定者的独立性对于资本市场正常运作至关重要，而现在这种独立性正受到威胁。

And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.

而且，除非银行以能吸引买家的价格持有有毒资产，否则恢复银行体系将十分困难。

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes.

在与国会激烈交锋之后，美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）匆忙通过了规则修改。

These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.

这些修改使银行在使用模型评估非流动性资产时拥有更多自由，并在损益表中确认长期资产损失时拥有更大的灵活性。

Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives.

FASB主席鲍勃·赫兹（Bob Herz）对那些质疑我们动机的人表示强烈反对。

Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management.

然而，银行股票上涨了，这些变化增强了一个游说团体礼貌地称之为"管理层判断运用"的内容。

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.

欧洲部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会（IASB）采取同样的做法。

The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.

IASB表示，它不希望在没有整体规划的情况下采取行动，但今年晚些时候在完成规则重建后屈服于压力的可能性很大。

Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real world" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.

欧盟委员查理·麦克克里维警告IASB，它并非生活在政治真空之中，而是现实世界里，并指出欧洲仍可能制定出不同的规则。

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.

当时，银行才是身处另一个星球的一方，它们的账面价值严重高估了资产。

Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

如今它们则认为，市场价格夸大了损失，因为市场价格主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账可能的实际程度。

The truth will not be known for years.

真相要过数年才能揭晓。

But banks' shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical.

但银行的股票交易价格低于其账面价值，这表明投资者持怀疑态度。

And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

而且，死气沉沉的市场部分反映了银行的瘫痪状态：它们不愿出售资产以避免确认损失，却又不愿意购买所有那些所谓的廉价资产。

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.

要使系统重新运转起来，必须承认并处理损失。

America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.

除非银行将资产估值调整到买家认为有吸引力的水平，否则美国的新计划购买有毒资产将无法奏效。

Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.

成功的市场需要独立甚至具有对抗性的标准制定者。

The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests.

FASB 和 IASB 正是这样的机构，例如他们曾不顾特殊利益集团的反对，清理了股票期权和养老金方面的规则。

But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

但如今如果屈服于批评者，他们将面临更大的压力，要求做出更多让步。