2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Happy people work differently.

快乐的人工作方式不同。

They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks.

他们更高效，更具创造力，以及更愿意承担更大风险。

And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.

新的研究表明，幸福感可能也会影响1企业的运营。

Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.

根据最近的一篇研究论文，位于人们更快乐地区的企业投资更多。

2, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development).

2，幸福地区的企业在研发（research and development）上花费更多。

That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.

这是因为幸福感与那种为未来进行投资的长远思维3相关。

The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested.

研究人员想知道伴随幸福的 4和冒险倾向是否会 5公司投资的方式。

So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.

因此他们将美国城市居民的平均幸福感6通过盖洛普民意调查与这些地区上市公司的投资活动进行比较。

7 enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 .

7 足够，企业的投资和研发强度与他们所在的地区的幸福指数相关。

But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?

但真正与投资相关的是幸福，还是更幸福的城市中存在其他因素导致这些公司更愿意在研发上投入更多资金？

To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population.

为查明这一点，研究人员控制了可能使企业更可能投资的各种10，如规模、行业和销售额，以及一个地方是否适合居住的指标11，如工资或人口的增长。

The link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.

幸福与投资之间的关联通常在12即使考虑了这些因素

The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.

幸福感与投资之间的相关性在年轻企业中尤为显著，这被作者归因于“决策流程不够制度化”以及可能存在“年轻且缺乏经验的管理者，他们更容易受到情绪影响”。

The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16.

关系在15处更强，在幸福传播得更16的地方。

Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.

公司似乎更倾向于在大多数人相对幸福的地方投资，而不是在存在幸福不平等的地方投资。

17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility.

17 这并不能证明幸福感导致企业投资更多或采取更长远的观点，作者认为它至少 18 这种可能性。

It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future.

它不难想象，本地文化和情感会影响 19高管们如何思考未来。

“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.

快乐的人显然更具有前瞻性且更有创造力，其研发比平均水平多20%。

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.

确实，高中阶段的编程课程对于在大学学习计算机科学并不是必不可少的。

Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院的副院长Tom Cortina表示，没有经验的学生在完成几门入门课程后也能赶上。

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial.

然而，科特纳表示，早期接触计算机科学是有益的。

When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.

当小孩子学习计算机科学时，他们会明白这不仅仅是一串令人困惑、无休止的字母和数字，而是一种用来开发应用程序、创作艺术品或验证假设的工具。

It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.

对他们来说，转变思维方式并没有 older students 那么困难。

Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.

将问题分解成小块并用代码来解决变得习以为常。

Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

科特纳表示，给更多孩子这样的培训可能会增加对该领域感兴趣的人数，并有助于填补就业缺口。

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.

学生在进入大学之前如果能先学习一些编程知识，也会受益，因为大学的计算机科学入门课程内容非常密集，可能会让那些经验不足或缺乏决心的学生望而却步。

The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.

Flatiron School 是一所人们付费学习编程的学校，它最初是众多为寻求职业转变的成年人而开设的编程速成班之一。

The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.

高中生接受同样的课程，但‘我们尽量将课程内容与他们的兴趣结合起来’，讲师维多利亚·弗里德曼说道。

For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

例如，学生们正在开发的一款应用程序可以根据你的心情推荐电影。

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.

Flatiron 班的学生很可能不会退学并创建下一个 Facebook。

Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.

编程语言更新换代很快，因此他们现在学习的“Ruby on Rails”语言到他们进入职场时可能已经不再相关了。

But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

教育顾问 Deborah Seehorn 表示，他们学到的技能——如何通过逻辑思考解决问题并组织结果——适用于任何编程语言。

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.

事实上，Flatiron 的学生可能根本不会进入 IT 领域。

But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.

但这些课程的唯一目的并不是培养未来的程序员大军。

These kids are going to be surrounded by computers – in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes – for the rest of their lives.

这些孩子的一生都将被计算机包围——在他们的口袋里、办公室里和家中。

The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want – the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that – the better.

他们越早学习计算机是如何思考的，如何引导机器生成他们想要的结果——越早意识到他们拥有这种能力——就越有好处。

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens – a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands – once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.

生物学家估计，曾经多达200万只的小 prairie 鸡——一种栖息在广阔草原上的鸟类——使美国中西部和西南部地区常常灰暗的景观增添了红色。

But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

但如今仅剩下约2.2万只鸟类，占据了该物种历史分布范围的约16%。

The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally list the bird as threatened.

这一数量锐减是美国鱼类和野生动物管理局（USFWS）决定正式将该鸟类列为‘受威胁物种’的主要原因之一。

“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.

‘小 prairie 鸡正处于绝望的境地，’美国鱼类和野生动物管理局局长丹尼尔·阿什说道。

Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.

然而，一些环保人士对此感到失望。

They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.

他们曾敦促该机构将该鸟类列为‘濒危物种’，这一地位赋予联邦官员更大的监管权力，以打击威胁。

But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservation approaches.

但阿什和其他人认为，‘受威胁物种’的标签使联邦政府能够尝试新的、可能更具建设性的保护方法。

In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

特别是，他们呼吁与西部州政府建立更紧密的合作关系，这些州政府通常对联邦行动持谨慎态度，并与控制着约95%小 prairie 鸡栖息地的私人土地所有者进行合作。

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.

例如，根据该计划，该机构表示，只要土地所有者或企业签署了覆盖整个栖息地范围的管理计划以恢复草原鸡的栖息地，就不会起诉那些无意中杀死、伤害或干扰该鸟类的人或企业。

Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.

该计划由美国鱼类和野生动物管理局（USFWS）与各州协商制定，要求那些在经营过程中损害栖息地的个人和企业，将其纳入一个基金，用以每破坏一英亩土地就恢复两英亩适宜的栖息地。

The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.

该基金还将用于补偿那些保留栖息地的土地所有者。

USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years.

美国鱼类和野生动物管理局还设定了一个中期目标，即在未来10年内将草原鸡种群数量恢复到每年平均67,000只的水平。

And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress.

同时，它还赋予西部鱼类和野生动物管理机构协会（WAFWA），这是一个由各州机构组成的联盟，负责监督进展的职责。

Overall, the idea is to let “states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said.

总体而言，这个想法是让‘各州在管理该物种方面继续掌握主导权’，阿什表示。

Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.

并非所有人都认同这种双赢的说法。

Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.

一些国会议员正试图阻止该计划，至少有十几个行业团体、四个州和三个环保组织正在联邦法院对该计划提出挑战。

Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough.

毫不意外，行业团体和各州通常认为该措施过于极端；环保主义者则表示该措施还不够彻底。

“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

生物学家杰伊·林杰说：‘联邦政府将管理这种鸟类的责任交给了那些正在将其推向灭绝的行业。’

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.

‘如今每个人都太忙了’这句话已经成了老生常谈。

But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There’s never any time to read.

但有一个具体的抱怨尤其令人感到悲哀：‘根本没有时间阅读。’

What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.

使问题更加棘手的是，通常的时间管理技巧似乎并不足够。

The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times.

网络上有很多文章提供如何腾出时间阅读的建议：放弃看电视或随时随身带一本书。

But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work.

但根据我的经验，使用这些方法来腾出零散的30分钟并不奏效。

Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning – or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.

坐下来看书时，与工作相关的想法飞轮仍在不停地转动——或者你实在太疲惫了，这时候读一本有挑战性的书恰恰是你最不需要的。

The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication.

现代人的思维，小说家兼评论家蒂姆·帕克斯写道，极度倾向于交流。

It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.

问题不在于某人被中断；而在于某人实际上倾向于被中断。

Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

深度阅读不仅需要时间，还需要一种无法仅通过提高效率来获得的特殊时间。

In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem.

事实上，"提高效率"正是问题的一部分。

Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.

将时间视为一种需要最大化的资源，意味着你以工具性的方式对待时间，只有在某个时刻有助于实现某个目标时，才会认为这个时刻是被充分利用的。

Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.

相比之下，沉浸式阅读则取决于你是否愿意承担效率低下、没有目标，甚至浪费时间的风险。

Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading – useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.

试图把它当作待办事项清单中的一项来安排，你只会进行以目标为导向的阅读——这有时是有用的，但并不是最有满足感的那种阅读。

“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.

Gary Eberle在《Sacred Time》一书中写道：未来像空瓶子一样沿着一条无法停止且几乎无限的传送带向我们涌来，我们感受到一种压力，必须在它们经过时填满这些不同大小的瓶子（天、小时、分钟），因为如果它们未被填满而通过，我们就会浪费了它们。

No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

没有比沉浸在书中更糟糕的心态了。

So what does work?

那么，什么方法是有效的呢？

Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.

或许令人惊讶的是，安排固定的阅读时间。

You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time.

你可能会认为这会促进效率心态，但事实上，Eberle指出，这种仪式化行为帮助我们脱离时间的流动，进入“灵魂时间”。

You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.

你可以通过只读纸质书或使用单一用途的电子阅读器来减少干扰。

“Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too – providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.

‘随身携带一本书’其实也有效——只要你经常翻阅，使阅读成为一种默认状态，暂时离开它去处理事务，然后再回到阅读中。

On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

在真正的好日子里，你不再觉得是在‘挤出时间来阅读’，而只是在阅读，同时为其他一切事情腾出时间。

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

在经济和人口结构发生剧烈变化的背景下，一项最新调查显示，美国人正在绘制一幅新的21世纪成功之路图。

Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.

跨越代际，美国人依然重视许多传统意义上的成功人生里程碑，包括结婚、生育子女、拥有自己的住房以及六十岁左右退休。

But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

但尽管年轻人和老人都基本认同构成充实人生终点线的要素，他们却提供了截然不同的实现路径。

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

调查显示，那些刚开始步入人生的人更倾向于在工作中优先考虑个人成就感，相信通过频繁更换工作最能推动职业发展，更喜欢拥有更多公共服务和快节奏生活的社区，认为夫妻在结婚或生育子女前应实现财务稳定，并且认为孩子在家有两个工作的父母照顾下会受益最大。

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

从职业到社区和家庭，这些对比表明，在2008年严重经济衰退的冲击之后，刚刚起步的年轻人正在重新定义优先事项和期望，这些观念将日益渗透到美国生活的方方面面，从消费偏好到住房模式再到政治领域。

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.

年轻人和老人都聚焦于一个关键点：这两个群体中绝大多数人都认为，如今的年轻人比早期几代人更难开始自己的生活。

While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

虽然年轻人比他们的长辈对当前刚开始生活的人的前景稍微乐观一些，但两个群体中的大多数人认为，如今刚开始生活的人要达到诸如找到高薪工作、组建家庭、管理债务和找到负担得起的住房等标志性成就，所面临的挑战比早期几代人更大。

Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.

皮特·施耐德认为如今的起步更加艰难。

Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.

施耐德是一名27岁的汽车技师，来自芝加哥郊区。他说自己大学毕业后很难找到工作。

Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.

即使现在他工作稳定了，他说，我无法独自承担每月的按揭贷款，所以必须把房间租给别人来实现这一点。

Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.

回想起来，他感到惊讶的是，尽管他年轻时父母都没有完成大学学业，他们却能为孩子提供舒适的生活。

“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said.

施耐德说：'我仍然在一个中上阶层的家庭中长大，我的父母都没有大学学位。'

“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.

我不认为人们现在还能做到这一点。

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.

超市旨在诱使顾客尽可能多地在店内停留。

The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy.

原因很简单：你在商店停留的时间越长，看到的商品就越多，看到的商品越多，购买的东西也就越多。

And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.

而且超市有很多东西。

The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.

根据美国食品营销协会的数据，普通超市约拥有44000种不同商品，许多超市还拥有数万种更多商品。

The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.

可选商品数量庞大，足以让购物者陷入信息过载的状态。

According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.

根据脑扫描实验，如此多的决策需求很快对我们来说变得太多。

After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

购物大约40分钟后，大多数人停止理性选择，转而开始情绪化购物，这时我们购物车里已有50%的东西是原本没有打算购买的。