2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?

每天一个拥抱能赶走医生吗？

The answer may be a resounding "yes!

答案可能是一个响亮的是！

1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind.

1 帮助你与关心的人建立亲密感和 2 ，结果发现拥抱可以给你的身体和心理带来 3 的健康益处。

Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.

信不信由你，一个温暖的拥抱甚至可能帮助你4在这个冬天生病。

In a recent study 5 over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus.

在一项针对500多名健康成年人的近期研究中，来自宾夕法尼亚州卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员考察了感知到的社会支持和接受拥抱对参与者在被7到病毒后发展成普通感冒的易感性的影响。

People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.

感知到更多社会支持的人更不容易患上感冒，研究人员9认为拥抱的减压效果10了大约32%的有益效果。

11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .

在那些感冒的人中，感受到更多社会支持并更频繁接受拥抱的人，其12症状更轻微。

"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie.

拥抱可以保护处于压力下的人们免受通常与压力相关的13感冒风险，卡内基大学心理学教授Sheldon Cohen指出

Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.

拥抱是亲密关系的标志，并有助于15他人在困难时会提供帮助的这种感觉。

Some experts 17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies.

一些专家将拥抱的减压和健康相关益处归因于催产素的释放，这种激素常被称为“联结激素”，因为其能促进人际关系中的依附，包括母亲与新生儿之间的关系。

Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream.

催产素主要在大脑中央下部产生，其中一部分会释放到血液中。

But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

但其中一些19在大脑中，在那里它20情绪、行为和生理机能。

First two hours, now three hours - this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

最初建议提前两小时到达，现在则建议提前三小时——这是美国一些主要机场的安检队伍越来越长的情况下，当局推荐人们搭乘国内航班时提前到达的时间。

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety.

美国人愿意忍受耗时的安全检查程序，以换取更高的安全性。

The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why.

埃及航空804号航班在地中海上空可能被恐怖分子击落的坠机事件，再次提醒人们为何需要这样做。

But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.

但是，如果对空中旅客的要求过高，或者提供的安全保障不足，就会削弱公众对这一过程的支持。

And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

这确实应该如此：浪费的时间会拖累美国人的经济和私人生活，更不用说让人恼火了。

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons - both fake and real - past airport security nearly every time they tried.

去年，美国运输安全管理局（TSA）在一次秘密检查中发现，卧底调查人员几乎每次都能将武器——包括假的和真的——带过机场安检。

Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.

自那以后实施的加强安全措施，加上由于经济改善和油价低迷导致的航空旅行增加，使得像芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场这样的主要机场出现了长时间的排队现象。

It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become - but the lines are obvious.

目前尚不清楚航空安全措施究竟变得更加有效了多少——但排队的长龙是显而易见的。

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.

其中一部分问题是政府没有预料到航空旅行的大幅增长，因此运输安全管理局现在正仓促地将新的安检人员部署到一线。

Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.

问题的一部分在于，机场的安检通道只有有限的空间。

Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

另一个因素可能是，越来越多的人试图在随身行李中装入过多物品，以避免托运行李费用，尽管航空公司对此表示强烈反对。

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.

TSA 可以采取的一项措施，无需对机场进行翻新或匆忙招聘人员，就是让更多人加入 PreCheck 项目。

PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.

PreCheck 本应是旅客和 TSA 的双赢之举。

Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.

通过背景审查的乘客有资格使用快速安检通道。

This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved.

这使得 TSA 能够将注意力集中在风险更高的旅客身上，为所有相关人员节省时间。

The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

TSA 希望将 2500 万人纳入 PreCheck 项目。

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks.

它离这个目标还差得很远，其中一个主要原因就是价格冲击：乘客必须每五年支付 85 美元来处理他们的背景审查。

Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.

从一开始，这个价格标签就是PreCheck计划致命的缺陷。

Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.

即将进行的改革可能会将价格降至更合理的水平。

But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

但国会应该直接介入，通过资助PreCheck报名或以其他方式降低成本来实现。

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.

TSA不能继续将资源转移到使用率低的PreCheck通道，而让大多数旅客在不必要的队伍中受苦。

It is long past time to make the program work.

现在早已是时候让这个项目正常运作了。

"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897.

“古代夏威夷人都是天文学家，”夏威夷最后一位在位君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年写道。

Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.

观星者曾是夏威夷社会最受尊敬的成员之一。

Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.

令人遗憾的是，如今夏威夷的天文学发展并不理想。

Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.

关于建造三十米望远镜（TMT）的抗议活动已经爆发，这是一座有望彻底改变人类对宇宙视野的巨型天文台。

At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.

争议的焦点是TMT计划建在毛纳基山，这座休眠火山被一些夏威夷人视为连接夏威夷群岛与天空的‘piko’（中心点）。

But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.

但毛纳基山也是世界上一些最强大望远镜的所在地。

Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

毛纳基山位于太平洋之上，其山顶耸立在地球稠密大气层的大部分之上，这里的条件使望远镜能够获得无与伦比的清晰图像。

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.

反对在毛纳基山建造望远镜并非新鲜事。

A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

一小群但声音响亮的夏威夷人和环保主义者长期以来认为，这些望远镜的存在是对神圣土地的不敬，也是对曾经是一个主权国家的痛苦提醒。

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.

当前争议的部分责任应归咎于天文学家。

In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.

他们在急于建造更大望远镜的过程中，忘记了科学并不是理解世界的唯一方式。

They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants.

他们并不总是优先考虑保护冒纳凯阿的脆弱生态系统，或其对岛上居民的神圣意义。

Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

夏威夷文化并不是过去的遗物；它是一种今天正在经历复兴的活文化。

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.

然而，科学也有自己的文化历史，其根源可以追溯到文明的黎明时期。

The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.

最初促使早期波利尼西亚人来到夏威夷海岸的那种探索地平线彼岸的好奇心，今天依然激励着天文学家探索浩瀚的星空。

Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.

要求拆除冒纳凯阿山上所有望远镜或禁止在那里进行未来开发的呼声，忽视了一个现实：天文学与夏威夷文化都在试图回答关于我们是谁、从哪里来以及将去往何处这些重大问题。

Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

也许这正是我们探索星空的原因，仿佛在回应一种原始的召唤，以了解我们自己和真正的祖先家园。

The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.

天文学界正在做出妥协，以改变其对冒纳凯阿的使用方式。

The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.

TMT（三十米望远镜）的选址是为了尽量减少望远镜在岛上的可见性，并避免对考古和环境造成影响。

To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.

为了限制毛纳基山上的望远镜数量，旧的望远镜在其使用寿命结束时将被拆除，并将其位置恢复为自然状态。

There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

没有理由不让所有人都能登上毛纳基山，去拥抱他们的文化传统，去研究繁星。

Robert F.

罗伯特 F.

Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile.

肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的国内生产总值（GDP）衡量的是"一切除了使生活有价值的东西"。

With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

随着英国投票决定脱离欧洲联盟，且国内生产总值（GDP）已经预测会因此放缓，现在正是评估他所指内容的恰当时机。

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.

关于GDP及其效用的问题，已经让政策制定者困扰了半个世纪以上。

Many argue that it is a flawed concept.

许多人认为，GDP是一个存在缺陷的概念。

It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.

它衡量了不重要的东西，却忽略了真正重要的东西。

By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures.

根据最新的数据，英国的GDP一直是西方世界的羡慕对象，失业率创历史新低，经济增长数据也十分亮眼。

If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?

如果一切发展得如此顺利，那么为什么仍有超过1700万人投票支持脱欧，尽管有警告称这可能会对他们的国家经济前景造成影响？

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question.

最近一项对各国将其经济增长转化为福祉能力的年度研究，为这个问题提供了一些启示。

Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens.

在被评估的163个国家中，英国在确保经济增长转化为对公民有意义的改善方面，是表现最差的国家之一。

Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

除了关注GDP之外，还测量了包括健康、教育和公民社会参与在内的40多个不同指标集，以更全面地评估各国的表现。

While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes.

尽管所有这些国家都面临各自的问题，但有一些共同的主题值得关注。

Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline.

是的，自2008年全球金融危机以来，确实出现了经济复苏的迹象，但在健康和教育等关键领域的指标上，主要经济体却持续下滑。

Yet this isn't the case with all countries.

然而，并非所有国家都是这种情况。

Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.

一些相对贫穷的欧洲国家在包括公民社会、收入平等和环境在内的多个指标上都取得了显著改善。

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.

这是一个富裕国家可以学习的教训：当国内生产总值（GDP）不再被视为衡量一个国家成功与否的唯一标准时，世界将显得截然不同。

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.

因此，肯尼迪所指的是，尽管GDP一直是衡量国家经济活动最常用的方法，但作为衡量标准，它已经不再足够了。

It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.

它没有包括诸如环境质量或教育成果等重要因素——所有这些因素都关系到一个人的幸福感。

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.

全球范围内以及英国预计将遭受的经济增长锐减，可能导致我们日常依赖以维持幸福感和促进增长的服务出现下滑。

But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

但如果政策制定者将努力重点重新放在改善幸福感上，而不是仅仅关注GDP数据，他们或许可以避免预测中的灾难，甚至可能看到进步。

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell.

在罕见的一致裁决中，美国最高法院推翻了前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐奈（Robert McDonnell）的腐败定罪。

But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

但法院在做出这一决定时，对他的行为道德表示了不满，其中包括接受一家寻求政府接触机会的公司赠送的劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。

The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.

最高法院的裁决指出，麦克唐奈先生审判中的法官未能告知陪审团，他们只能关注他的"官方行为"，即前州长在与其职责相关的"具体"和"未决"问题上的决策。

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

法官们发现，仅仅帮助赠礼者接触到其他官员，除非明显意图对这些官员施加压力，否则不构成腐败。

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty.

法院还指出，以换取接触机会而接受好处是"令人不快"且"肮脏"的行为。

But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation.

但在反贿赂法律下，必须证明存在具体利益，例如批准合同或规章。

Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".

仅仅安排会议、打个电话或举办活动，并不构成"官方行为"。

The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.

法院在界定一种不构成刑事犯罪的偏袒行为时，其裁决在法律上是站得住脚的。

Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.

当选领导人必须被允许帮助支持者处理官僚问题，而无需担心因贿赂而被起诉。

"The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, "assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.

最高法院首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨在裁定书中写道："代议制政府的基本契约假定，公职人员会听取选民的意见，并根据他们的关切采取行动。"

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.

但这一裁决强调了公民及其当选代表，而非法院，需要确保公众平等接触政府的机会。

Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.

官员在提供信息或安排会议时，不得因某个人或团体提供了竞选捐款或个人礼物而偏袒 favorites。

This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.

这种 integrity 需要严格执行的政府 transparency 法律，例如官方会议记录、游说规则，以及每位当选领导人财富来源的信息。

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.

在官方 access 中的偏袒可能助长公众对腐败的 perception。

But it is not always corruption.

但这并不总是腐败。

Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.

相反，官员必须避免双重标准，即对普通人和富人提供不同类型的 access。

If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society - that all are equal in treatment by government - is undermined.

如果关系可以被购买，那么民主社会的基本前提——政府在对待所有人时应平等——就会被削弱。

Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

良好的 governance 建立在对每个人内在价值的理解之上。

The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

法院的裁决是在反对腐败和官方偏袒的斗争中迈出的一步。