2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer, you’ll find the time; and that if you can’t find the time, then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer.

哈兰·科本认为如果你是个作家，你就会找到时间；并且如果你找不到时间，那么写作不是你的优先事项，你也不是作家。

For him writing is a 1 job—a job like any other.

对他来说，写作是一份1工作——和其他工作一样的工作。

He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.

他与管道安装有2，指出管道工不会醒来并说他今天不能处理管道。

3 , like most writers these days, you’re holding down a job to pay the bills, it’s not 4 to find the time to write.

3 如果像如今大多数作家一样，你正在做一份工作来支付账单，那么 4 找到时间来写作就不是容易的事。

But it’s not impossible.

但并非不可能。

It requires determination and single-mindedness.

这需要决心和专注。

5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.

5 那些最畅销的作者最初写作时都在做其他事情来谋生。

And today, even writers who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to 7 their writing income.

如今，即使那些相当6的作家也常常不得不从事其他工作以7他们的写作收入。

As Harlan Coben has suggested, it’s a 8 of priorities.

正如哈兰·科本所建议的，这是一个8优先事项的问题。

To make writing a priority, you’ll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.

为了把写作作为优先事项，你将不得不 9 一些日常活动和一些你真正喜欢的事情。

Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music.

取决于你的 10和你的生活方式，那可能意味着花更少的时间看电视或听音乐，尽管有些人可以写 11他们听音乐。

You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do.

你可能不得不 12 你进行的运动或锻炼量。

You’ll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 .

你必须将社交媒体变成一项13的活动，而不是一项日常的、耗时的14。

There’ll probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with your family.

你可能不得不减少与朋友的社交活动和减少与家人共处的时间。

Ifs a 15 learning curve and it won’t always make you popular.

这是一个15级的学习曲线，它并不总能让你受欢迎。

There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writing—and that’s reading.

你只有一件事应该尽量腾出至少一些时间来做，那就是阅读，而不是16你的写作。

Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one 17 supporter—something you can’t do without.

任何作家都需要尽可能广泛和深入地阅读；它是唯一的支持者17——你无法缺少的东西。

Time is finite.

时间是有限的。

The older you get, the 18 it seems to go.

你越老，它似乎就越18。

We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can, that means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.

我们需要尽可能小心和19地使用它，这意味着优先安排我们的活动，以便把大部分时间花在真正想做的事情上。

If you're a writer, that means— 20 writing.

如果你是个作家，这意味着——20 写作。

On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas.

在最近的一个阳光明媚的日子里，13,000只鸡在德克萨斯州欣纳的拉里·布朗的40英亩被风吹过的土地上自由漫步。

Some rest in the shade of a parked car.

一些鸡在停着的汽车的树荫下休息。

Others drink water with the cows.

另一些则和牛一起喝水。

This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $ 6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.

这一切似乎很随意，但实际上是有计划的，是价值61亿美元的美国鸡蛋行业押注的下一个大趋势：气候友好型鸡蛋。

These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $ 8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture—special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases.

这些鸡蛋现在以每打8美元的价格首次出现在货架上，它们仍然标有有机和动物友好的标签，但同时也来自那些生活在采用再生农业的农场里的家禽——这是一种特殊的技术，用于培育能够捕获温室气体的肥沃土壤。

Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

这类鸡蛋可以被宣传为有助于应对气候变化的产品。

“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver- based Nest Fresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.

布朗表示，他为丹佛的Nest Fresh Eggs公司收集鸡蛋，并正在增加更多吸引蚯蚓和蟋蟀的覆盖作物供鸡食用，他对目前的进展感到兴奋。

The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields.

然后，家禽的粪便可以用来为农田施肥。

Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.

这样的改进使我们的母鸡能够觅食到质量更高的天然饲料，这对土地、母鸡以及我们供应给顾客的鸡蛋都有好处。

The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.

蛋类行业的这一举措是首次重大测试，看再生农场生产的动物产品是否能成为下一个高端产品。

In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.

仅仅在不到十年的时间里，有机鸡蛋就从被当作天然食品商店中的小众产品，发展到在沃尔玛销售。

More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories.

最近，益生菌和植物基肉类也曾面临类似的质疑，但这两类产品都迅速发展成为大型超市的主要商品类别。

If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.

如果可持续鸡蛋的推广取得成功，它可能会打开通往再生牛肉、西兰花及其他产品的闸门。

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学布兰迪葡萄酒分校的农业经济学副教授朱莉·斯坦顿表示，再生产品可能难以推销，因为这一概念很难迅速明确定义。

Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

这种农业方式对食品产品带来的改善微乎其微，甚至根本没有（尽管一些生产商声称他们的鸡蛋蛋白质含量更高）。

The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.

该行业押注于那些愿意为自由放养、非转基因和放牧饲养等高端属性支付更高价格的消费者，也会接受可持续性产品。

Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment.

调查显示，年轻一代更关注气候变化，一些植物基肉类的成功可以归因于购物者希望通过购买行为表达他们保护环境的愿望。

Young adults “ really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations.

‘年轻人真的非常关心地球，’蛋类创新公司总裁约翰·布鲁恩奎尔表示。

“ They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.

他们正在彻底改变食品链，甚至可能自己都没有意识到他们正在做的事情。

More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.

越来越多的美国人选择工作到退休年龄之后，这一日益增长的趋势可能会颠覆传统的劳动力模式。

One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.

据哈里斯民调为TD Ameritrade进行的一项调查显示，三分之一的至少40岁的美国人目前有工作或计划在退休后继续工作，以应对更长的寿命。

Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”—those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

更令人惊讶的是，调查显示，超过一半的“非退休者”——即计划退休后继续工作或在退休后重新工作的人——表示即使他们有足够的钱安享晚年，也仍会在晚年继续工作。

Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend.

财务需求并不是“非退休”趋势的唯一原因。

Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.

根据研究，其他原因包括个人满足感，例如保持心理健康、防止无聊或避免抑郁。

About 72% of “unretiree” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.

约72%的“非退休者”受访者表示，退休后他们会重返工作岗位以保持心理健康，而59%的人则表示这是为了维持生计。

“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.

TD Ameritrade的退休业务高级经理克里斯汀·拉塞尔表示：‘退休的概念正在演变。’

“It’s not just about finances.

它不仅仅关乎财务问题。

The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.

工作的价值也促使人们在退休后继续工作。

One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer.

退休模式发生变化的一个原因：美国人寿命更长了。

The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 32% from the prior year, according to the US.

据美国统计，2018年65岁及以上人口占总人口的比例为16%，比前一年增长了32%。

Census Bureau.

人口普查局。

That’s also up 302% since 2010.

这一比例自2010年以来已增长了302%。

Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the US.

美国老年人也是美国增长最快的群体。

workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations.

劳动力市场，婴儿潮一代预计寿命将比前几代人更长。

The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades.

过去三十年间，退休年龄人口在劳动力中的比例翻了一番。

About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.

据资产管理公司United Income的数据显示，2023年2月，有约20%的65岁及以上人口在劳动力中，这一比例比1985年1月的历史最低点10%有所上升。

Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2000 adults between 40 to 79.

由于寿命延长，美国人的储蓄也在增加，以保障他们的养老积蓄，TD Ameritrade的一项研究显示，该研究调查了40至79岁之间的2000名成年人。

Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey.

调查显示，10名“未退休者”中有6人正在增加储蓄，以应对更长的寿命。

Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

该公司表示，他们正在采取的最受欢迎的方式之一是减少总体开支、购买人寿保险或最大限度地向退休账户缴款。

Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.

巴尔的摩金融规划公司Facet Wealth的联合创始人布伦特·韦斯表示，不幸的是，许多选择退休后继续工作的人之所以准备这样做，是因为他们担心晚年难以维持生计。

He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.

他建议即将退休的人应与财务顾问沟通，以制定长期的财务目标。

“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said.

韦斯说：'人生中最具有挑战性的时刻是结婚、组建家庭，最终是退休。'

“It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one.

这不仅仅是一个财务决定，更是一个情感上的决定。

Many people believe they can’t retire”

许多人认为他们无法退休

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives.

我们在个人生活和职业生涯中都遇到过这样的人。

Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.

回想一下你曾经因为某个会员资格或订阅服务而感到被欺骗或沮丧的时刻，这些服务的注册流程非常顺畅，但后来却很难取消。

Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice.

一些本应简单透明的事情，可能会有意或无意地变得复杂，从而损害消费者的自主选择能力。

These are examples of dark patterns.

这些都是‘暗黑模式’的实例。

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “ dark patterns” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.

‘暗黑模式’这一术语最早于2010年由用户体验专家Harry Brignull提出，它是一个涵盖所有通过操纵用户界面来影响用户决策能力的实践的统称。

Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

Brignull识别出12种常见的暗黑模式，从误导和隐藏费用到‘蟑螂旅馆’，即用户界面在开始时看似简单直观，但当用户试图退出时却变得困难。

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.

在2019年对53,000个产品页面和11,000个网站的研究中，研究人员发现大约每10个网站中就有1个使用了这些设计手法。

Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.

尽管暗黑模式非常普遍，但这一概念仍不被广泛理解。

Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

企业和非营利组织的领导者应了解暗黑模式，并努力避免它们引发的灰色地带。

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?

伦理说服设计与暗黑模式之间的界限在哪里？

Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions.

企业应与IT、合规、风险和法律团队进行对话，以审查其隐私政策，并在讨论中包括负责公司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计师和程序员，以及负责注册、购物车、定价和促销的营销和广告人员。

Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.

这些团队中的任何一个或全部都可以在创建或避免“数字欺骗”中发挥作用。

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level.

立法者和监管机构正在逐步开始解决围绕“暗黑模式”的模糊性，最近一次是在州一级层面。

In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.

三月，加州总检察长宣布批准《加州消费者隐私法案》（CCPA）的附加法规，确保消费者在行使数据隐私权利时不会感到困惑或被误导。

The regulations aim to ban dark patterns—this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.

这些规定旨在禁止黑暗模式，这意味着禁止公司使用令人困惑的语言或不必要的步骤，例如强制用户点击多个屏幕或听解释为什么不应该退出。

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community.

随着越来越多的州考虑颁布额外的规定，企业界内部需要更高的责任感。

Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.

“暗黑模式”也可以通过自我监管的方式加以解决，但前提是组织要对自己负责，不仅遵守法律要求，还要遵循行业最佳实践和标准。

Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.

尽管伦理课程在全球范围内很常见，但科学家们不确定这些课程是否真的能改变行为；无论哪方面的证据都很薄弱，依赖于人为设计的实验室测试，或者有时不可靠的自我报告。

But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

但一项发表在《认知》（Cognition）期刊上的新研究发现，在至少一种现实世界的情境中，一次伦理课程可能产生了持久的影响。

The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat.

研究人员调查了一堂课对学生吃肉行为的影响。

They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.

根据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格尔布（Eric Schwitzgebel）的说法，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生在这个话题上的态度具有可变性和不稳定性，行为容易被测量，而且伦理学文献普遍认为减少吃肉是好的，因为它能减少环境危害和动物痛苦。

Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.

四门大型哲学课中的一半学生阅读了一篇关于工业化养殖肉类伦理的文章，可选择观看一个关于该主题的11分钟视频，并参与一个50分钟的讨论。

The other half focused on charitable giving instead.

另一半学生则专注于慈善捐赠。

Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

然后，在学生不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们该学期匿名的餐卡消费记录——几乎500名学生的近14000张收据。

Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books.

施维茨格尔布预测这种干预不会有任何效果；他之前发现，伦理学教授在一系列行为上与其他教授没有区别，包括投票率、献血和归还图书馆书籍。

But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks.

但在讨论了肉类伦理的学生群体中，包含肉类的餐食购买比例从52%下降到了45%——而且这一效果在整个研究持续的几周内保持稳定。

Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.

而另一组学生的肉类购买比例则保持在52%。

“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says.

施维茨格尔贝尔说：'这实际上是一个相当大的效果，来自于一个相当小的干预措施。'

Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.

未参与这项研究的宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家尼娜·斯特罗姆明格表示，她希望这个效果是真实的，但也不能排除某些未知的混杂变量的影响。

And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.

她指出，如果这个效果是真实的，可能通过另一个'推动'来逆转：'来得容易，去得也快。'

Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence- classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common.

施维茨格尔贝尔怀疑最大的影响来自于社会影响——进行讨论的同学或助教可能分享了他们自己的素食主义，展示了它是一种可实现的或更常见的选择。

Second, the video may have had an emotional impact.

其次，视频可能产生了情感上的影响。

Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.

他认为最不具激励作用的是理性论证，尽管他的合著者表示理性可能发挥更大的作用。

Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure.

现在研究人员正在探讨教学风格、助教的饮食习惯以及学生观看视频的具体影响。

Meanwhile, Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.

与此同时，施维茨格尔贝尔——他曾预测没有效果——将不得不收回自己的言论。

Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.

尽管我们尽了最大努力，有时我们的画作很少能达到最初计划的效果。

Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.

光线变化、绘画材料的限制以及缺乏经验和技巧意味着你最初试图实现的效果可能不会以你预期的方式呈现出来。

Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you.

尽管这可能令人沮丧和失望，事实证明这其实对你有好处。

Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment, and realise that when one door closes, another opens.

意外的结果有两个好处：你很快学会应对失望，并意识到当一扇门关闭时，另一扇门会打开。

You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.

你也会迅速学会适应并想出创造性的解决方案来应对绘画所呈现的问题，并且跳出思维定式将成为你的本能。

In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you’re more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.

事实上，创造性解决问题的技能在日常生活中非常有用，有了这些技能，当问题出现时你更有可能找到解决方案。