2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

There's nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you.

没有什么比为你开门更令人欢迎的了。

1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.

1 与需要被触摸以开启或关闭相比，自动门在 2 残疾人进入建筑物以及帮助提供商业建筑的 3 便利性方面是必不可少的。

Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.

自动滑动门在 1960 年开始作为商业产品出现，这在六年后第 4 年由两位美国人Dee Horton和Lew Hewitt发明。

They 5 as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.

它们5作为一种新奇功能，但随着它们的使用范围扩大，它们的6在我们技术先进的世界中得到了扩展。

Particularly 7 in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.

尤其是在7号繁忙场所和紧急时刻，门通过减少人们道路上的障碍来实现8号人群管理。

9 making access both in and out buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area 10 by them.

9 使人们进出建筑物更加方便，这些门开启方式的差异有助于减少它们所占用的总面积 10 。

Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another.

自动门通常向一侧开启，面板相互滑动。

Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door.

这些 11 个小建筑通过替换摆门的方式，旨在最大化内部可用空间而无需为大型凸出的门让出 12 的位置。

There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open.

有许多不同类型的自动门，每种都有 13 种特定信号来告诉它们何时开启。

14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same.

14 这些方法不同，主要15保持不变。

Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal.

每个自动门系统16其附近的光、声、重量或运动作为信号。

Sensor-types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.

传感器类型被选用来17它们所需的环境。

18 , a busy road might not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.

18 ，一条繁忙的道路可能不会 19 一个运动感应门，因为它会不断为路人开启。

A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.

压力感应垫会更20来限制被调查区域。

Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things.

近2000年前，当罗马人开始从苏格兰撤军时，他们留下了一件奇特的宝藏：10吨钉子，几乎有百万枚。

The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.

这枚钉子堆是在1960年被发现的，位于一个深四米、被两米厚的砾石覆盖的坑中。

Why had the Romans buried a million nails?

为什么罗马人埋葬了一百万枚钉子？

The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons-grade iron.

可能的解释是，这次撤退是仓促进行的，他们不想让当地的卡莱多尼亚人得到十吨用于制造武器的铁。

The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.

罗马人将这些钉子埋得如此之深，以至于它们几乎在两千年之后才被发现。

Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.

后来的文明会更加重视钉子中熟练铁匠的劳动，而不是原材料本身。

As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.

正如罗玛·阿格拉瓦尔在她新出版的有趣书籍《螺栓与螺母》中所解释的那样，17世纪早期的弗吉尼亚人有时会烧毁自己的房屋，如果他们计划搬迁的话。

This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes.

这是试图回收那些宝贵的钉子，这些钉子在灰烬中筛过后可以再次使用。

The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.

一个人可能会为了回收钉子而烧毁整栋房子的想法，凸显了这种看似简单的技术是多么稀缺、昂贵和有价值。

The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.

如经济学家丹尼尔·西格尔在一篇研究论文中所指出的那样，钉子的价格在18世纪末到19世纪中期之间下降了90%。

According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.

根据西格尔的说法，尽管钉子价格的下降部分是由于铁和能源成本的降低，但大部分功劳应归于钉子制造商，他们只是找到了更有效的方法将钢转化为钉子。

Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much.

钉子本身在这些年里已经发生了变化，但西格尔研究它们是因为钉子的变化不大。

Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails.

罗马的油灯和战车与LED灯带和跑车截然不同，但罗马的钉子仍然是明显的钉子。

It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.

试图追踪自1695年以来跑车价格的变化是荒谬的，但对钉子提出同样的问题却完全合情合理。

I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price.

我对日常物品的某个特定特征着迷，对此我毫不道歉：它们的价格。

I am an economist, after all.

毕竟，我是一名经济学家。

After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's the cheap technologies that change the world.

在写了两本关于发明历史的书之后，我学到的一件事是，虽然那些迷人而复杂的科技总能引起轰动，但真正改变世界的却是那些廉价的科技。

The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost - and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an overlooked technology called paper.

古腾堡印刷机通过改变书写成本而非书写本身的性质，改变了文明；如果没有一种被忽视的技术——纸张——使得书写表面的价格大幅下降，它也不会取得太大成就。

Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.

太阳能板在变得便宜之前只有少数利基用途；如今它们正在改变全球能源系统。

Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested.

研究人员提出，从非洲的采集狩猎者那里获得的育儿建议可能是培养更快乐孩子的关键。

The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults.

这个想法基于对像博茨瓦纳的库恩（Kung）这样的社区的研究，在这些社区中，每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾。

Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

库恩的孩子们，小到四岁，都会帮忙照顾更年幼的孩子，而‘背带育儿’（即用背带携带婴儿）则被视为常态。

According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.

剑桥大学的进化人类学家尼希尔·乔杜里（Dr Nikhil Chaudhary）认为，这些被称为‘共同育儿’（alloparenting）的做法，可能会减少孩子和父母的焦虑。

Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.

儿童精神科医生安妮·斯瓦内波尔（Dr Annie Swanepoel）认为，有办法将这些做法融入西方生活。

In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.

在德国，有一个项目将养老院与托儿所配对。

The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting.

居民们帮助照顾孩子，这种安排类似于代际抚育。

Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the supervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.

另一种措施可以是鼓励不同年级的孩子建立友谊，以模仿采集狩猎社会中由成人监督的混龄游戏小组。

In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.

在发表于《儿童心理与精神病学杂志》的一篇论文中，研究人员表示，西方的核心家庭是一种近期的发明，它与进化历史相悖。

This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative" which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful.

这种突然转向的"密集育儿叙事"，暗示母亲应独自承担育儿责任，很可能会带来伤害。

"Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences," they wrote.

他们写道，这种叙事可能导致母亲精疲力竭，并产生危险的后果。

By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.

相比之下，在采集狩猎社会中，除了父母之外的成年人都可以为孩子提供几乎一半的照顾。

One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

之前的一项研究曾观察了刚果民主共和国的居民。

It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.

研究发现，当婴儿满18周时，他们平均每天有14个代养者，并且每小时会被传递给照料者八次。

Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a "knock-on" benefit to child's wellbeing.

查杜里表示，现在父母从家庭和社会网络中获得的育儿支持比人类大部分进化历史时期要少，但引入更多的照顾者可以减轻压力和母亲的抑郁情绪，这可能会对孩子福祉产生"连锁反应"的积极影响。

An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers - this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulation can allow for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.

一个在采集狩猎社会中出生的婴儿可能拥有超过十位照顾者——这与英国的托儿所环境形成鲜明对比，在英国托儿所的监管规定允许每名照顾者照顾两名至三名年龄在两到三岁的儿童。

While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

虽然采集狩猎社会的儿童在混龄游戏小组中通过观察和模仿学习，但研究人员表示，西方的"指导式教学"，要求学生保持安静坐定，可能会导致注意力缺陷多动障碍等状况。

Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.

查杜里表示，英国应该探索让年长的兄弟姐妹帮助父母的可能性，这或许也能促进他们自身的社会发展。

Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.

鲁特科夫斯基是一位波兰数字艺术家，他运用古典绘画风格创作出梦幻般的幻想风景画。

He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft's Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering.

他曾为诸如索尼的《地平线：零之曙光》、育碧的《安诺》、《龙与地下城》以及《万智牌》等游戏制作过插图。

And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.

他最近在文本生成图像的AI新世界中突然爆红。

His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month.

他独特的画风现在已成为新推出的开源AI艺术生成器Stable Diffusion中最常用的提示词之一，该生成器是在上个月末发布的。

The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.

该工具与其他流行的图像生成AI模型一起，允许任何人根据文本提示生成令人印象深刻的图像。

For example, type in "Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski" and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.

例如，输入"一位手持剑和发光魔法火球的巫师与一只凶猛的龙搏斗，Greg Rutkowski"，系统将生成一幅看起来与Rutkowski风格的作品相去不远的图像。

But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists.

但这些开源程序是通过从互联网上抓取图像构建的，通常未经艺术家许可，也未正确署名。

As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.

结果，它们引发了关于伦理和版权的棘手问题。

And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.

像Rutkowski这样的艺术家已经忍无可忍了。

According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.

根据追踪Stable Diffusion生成的超过1000万张图像和提示的网站Lexica，Rutkowski的名字已被用作提示约93000次。

Some of the world's most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.

世界上一些最著名的艺术家，如米开朗基罗、巴勃罗·毕加索和列奥纳多·达·芬奇，每人带来的提示数量大约在2000次或更少。

Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney.

Rutkowski的名字也作为提示在另一个文本到图像生成器Midjourney的Discord平台上出现了数千次。

Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.

Rutkowski 最初感到惊讶，但认为这可能是一种接触新受众的好方法。

Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.

然后他尝试搜索自己的名字，看看他参与创作的作品是否已被发表。

The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.

网络搜索结果返回了一些附着他名字的作品，但那些并不是他创作的。

"It's been just a month.

这仅仅过去了一个月。

What about in a year?

那一年之后呢？

I probably won't be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art," Rutkowski says.

“可能到时候我就无法在互联网上找到自己的作品了，因为（网络）将被 AI 生成的艺术作品淹没，”Rutkowski 说。

"That's concerning.

这令人担忧。

"There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this," says Ortiz.

“艺术行业内部正在形成一个联盟，试图找出应对或缓解这一问题的方法，”Ortiz 说。

The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.

该组织正处于动员的早期阶段，这可能涉及推动新的政策或法规。

One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.

奥尔蒂斯表示，一个建议是让人工智能模型在公共领域的图像上进行训练，人工智能公司可以与博物馆和艺术家建立合作伙伴关系。

The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water.

切萨皮克湾的奇迹不在于其深度，而在于其自然构造的复杂性，淡水与咸水的相互作用，以及陆地与水域的混合。

The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.

浅滩为数百种物种提供了栖息地，同时还能储存洪水水位、过滤水中的污染物，并保护附近的社区免受可能具有破坏性的风暴潮的影响。

All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.

上个月晚些时候，这一切都面临巨大风险，当时美国最高法院在一项爱达荷州案件中作出裁决，该裁决赋予美国环境保护局（EPA）对湿地和水道进行监管的权限大大减少。

Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection to bodies of water.

具体而言，5比4的多数意见裁定，环境保护局根据《清洁水法》授权保护的湿地，必须与水域有"连续的表面连接"。

This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.

这种监管范围的缩小对建筑商、采矿运营商和其他经常与环保法规发生冲突的商业利益方来说是一次胜利。

And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States," as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.

正如布雷特·卡瓦诺法官所指出的，这将对美国全国范围内的水质和洪水控制产生"重大影响"。

In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.

在马里兰州，好消息是已经有许多州法律在实施，为湿地提供了保护。

But that's a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.

但这是一种非常短视的观点，尤其是在切萨皮克湾方面。

The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don't respect state boundaries.

现实情况是，水以及常伴随而来的污染物，并不会尊重州界。

The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware.

切萨皮克湾的流域面积达64,000平方英里，范围延伸至弗吉尼亚州、宾夕法尼亚州、纽约州、西弗吉尼亚州、哥伦比亚特区和特拉华州。

Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v.

这些司法管辖区是否会现在就给予萨克特诉案（Sackett v.）中目前被拒绝的相同保护？

EPA?

伊比艾？

Perhaps some, but all?

也许有一些会，但全部都会吗？

That seems unlikely.

这似乎不太可能。

It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.

将此类法院裁决简单地视为只是维护土地所有者的权利，这既容易又具有误导性，因为这些裁决对他们的邻居可能带来非常严重的后果。

And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.

这提醒我们，环保局（EPA）参与切萨皮克湾计划长期以来一直是超越邻近州财力雄厚的特殊利益集团影响的重要手段。

Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.

以宾夕法尼亚州的农民为例，当他们决定是否在田地里撒播动物粪便时，并不会考虑明年马里兰州的蓝蟹捕获量，然而这些径流进入附近的溪流后，会对下游产生巨大的影响。

And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.

因此，我们呼吁从里士满到奥尔巴尼的各州立法者重新审视他们自身的湿地保护政策，并亲自了解其中涉及的巨大利害关系。

We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teeming with aquatic life.

我们可以带他们去多切斯特县的布莱克沃特国家野生动物保护区参观，那里的白头海雕在潮汐沼泽上空飞翔，沼泽浅得你甚至无法用船划过，但却充满了丰富的水生生物。

It's worth the scenic drive.

这趟风景优美的旅程值得一去。