2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business and though you're making a nice 1, you need to find a way to take it to the next level.

今天众多企业家面临的常见场景是：你是某家小企业的首席执行官，虽然你正在获得不错的1，但你需要找到一种方法将其提升到更高层次。

what you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team.

你需要做的就是2增长通过建立一个增长团队。

A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.

增长团队由来自公司不同部门的成员组成，它发挥协作的力量，聚焦于3寻找增长的方法。

Let's look at a real-world 4.

让我们看看现实世界中的4。

Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees.

在组建增长团队之前，软件公司BitTorrent有 50名员工。

Working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development.

在 5 部门工作：工程、市场和产品开发。

This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued.

这给他们带来了良好的成果，直到2012年他们的增长停滞。

The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product.

问题6是太多客户使用了他们产品的基础免费版本。

And 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.

并且对高级付费版本进行了 7 项改进，但很少有人升级。

Things changed, 8, when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed.

事情发生了变化，8，当一位创新的项目营销经理加入时，9 组建了一个增长团队并激发了他们所需的 10 种视角。

By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue.

从市场营销的角度审视工程问题，很明显升级的11并非质量问题所致。

Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.

大多数客户根本不知道高级版及其提供的功能。

Armed with this 12, the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version.

装备了这个12，营销和工程团队联手行动，通过显著突出13版向免费版用户提高意识。

14, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.

14，升级激增，收入增加了 92%。

But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader.

但为了你的成长和团队的成功，它需要有一个强有力的领导者。

It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.

它需要一个能够15跨学科团队并保持他们在改进正轨上的人。

This leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals.

这位领导者将16目标领域，设定明确的目标并为这些目标的17制定时间框架。

This growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions.

这位增长领导者也因保持团队专注前进并引导他们避开干扰而获得 18 分。

19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.

19 个有吸引力的新想法可能会分散注意力，团队领导必须认识到这些想法在什么时候不 20 当前目标，需要被暂时搁置。

In the quest for the perfect lawns, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut -- and it is the environment that is paying the price.

在追求完美草坪的过程中，全国各地的房主们正在走捷径——而环境却为此付出了代价。

About eight million square meters of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles.

每年约有八百万平方米的塑料草被售出，但如今反对的声音已经蔓延到了最高级别的园艺界。

The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos.

切尔西花展今年禁止使用人造草坪，称其不符合自身的理念。

The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.

负责在伦敦西部举办年度花展的英国皇家园艺学会（RHS）表示，由于人造草坪对环境和生物多样性造成损害，因此引入了这一禁令。

Ed Horne of the RHS said: we launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic.

RHS的埃德·霍恩表示：我们去年推出了可持续发展战略，人造草坪显然不符合我们的理念和对塑料的看法。

We recommend using real grass because of its environment benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment.

我们建议使用真正的草坪，因为它具有环境效益，包括支持野生动物、缓解洪水和降低环境温度。

The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problem fake grass causes.

RHS的这一决定正值活动人士试图提高人们对人造草坪所造成问题的认识之际。

A Twitter account, which claims to “cut through the greenwash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers.

一个声称要“揭露人造草坪绿色洗白”的推特账号已经拥有超过20,000名关注者。

It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns.

它正在鼓励人们签署两项请愿书，一项呼吁禁止销售塑料草坪，另一项则呼吁对这类草坪征收‘生态损害’税。

They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.

这两项请愿书已分别收集到7,276和11,282个签名。

However, supporters of fake grass point out that there’s also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.

然而，人造草的支持者指出，天然草坪同样会对环境造成影响，因为它们需要修剪，因此通常会消耗电力或汽油。

The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more.

该行业还指出，天然草坪需要大量的水、除草剂或其他处理，并且铺设人造草的人往往更频繁地使用他们的花园。

The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend on average of £500 trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.

该行业还声称，铺设人造草的人平均会在他们的花园中花费500英镑购买树木或灌木，这为昆虫提供了栖息地。

In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has "no plans to ban the use of artificial grass.

针对去年另一项关于禁止使用人造草坪的请愿书，该请愿书获得了3万名签名者，政府回应称，它"没有计划禁止使用人造草坪"。

It added:"We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters, However the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.

它补充道："我们更倾向于帮助人们和组织做出正确的选择，而不是就这类问题进行立法。然而，使用人造草坪必须遵守现有的法律和政策保障，以保护生物多样性和确保可持续排水，同时加强生物多样性责任等措施应鼓励公共机构考虑可持续的替代方案。"

It's easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks.

很容易将联邦政府为弥补我们国家公园长期资金缺口而提出的设想视为荒谬。

Can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?

谁能真的认为，允许亚马逊将包裹送到约塞米蒂国家公园的帐篷里，或让食品卡车在红杉国家公园的红杉树下排队，是个好主意呢？

But the government is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis.

但政府有一点是对的：美国的国家公园正处于危机之中。

Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion.

总体而言，它们的维护积压任务超过120亿美元。

Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.

道路、小径、卫生间、游客中心和其他基础设施正在逐渐破败。

But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a cure-all.

但将露营地私有化和商业化并不是万能的解决方案。

Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and businesses in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.

露营地仅占整体基础设施积压任务的一小部分，而且公园内的企业平均只将其收入的约5%交给国家公园管理局。

Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.

此外，增加私有化程度无疑会削弱每年有3亿游客来到公园的一个主要原因：享受自然并逃离充斥日常生活的商业节奏。

The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding.

真正的问题是，这些公园长期缺乏资金支持。

An economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact.

一项针对700名美国纳税人进行的经济调查显示，人们愿意支付大笔钱来确保公园及其项目得以完整保留。

Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.

约81%的受访者表示，他们愿意在未来10年内缴纳额外税款，以避免对国家公园的任何削减。

The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature.

国家公园为美国居民提供了巨大的价值，既是逃离喧嚣的地方，也是自然的象征。

On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism.

此外，它们还通过广泛的教育项目、通过碳封存对气候的积极影响、对我们的文化和艺术生活的贡献，以及当然还有旅游业，产生价值。

The parks also help keep America's past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites and to bring the stories of these places to life.

公园还通过与全国各地数千个地方政府合作，保护历史遗址并让这些地方的故事重现于世，从而帮助美国保留其历史。

The parks do all this on a shoestring.

公园在经费极其有限的情况下完成了所有这些工作。

Congress allocates only 3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 ( in inflation-adusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009.

国会每年只向国家公园系统拨款30亿美元——这一数额自2001年以来（按通货膨胀调整后的美元计算）一直保持不变，除了2009年曾有一次性增加。

Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.

与此同时，自1980年以来，每年的游客人数已增长超过50%，目前每年达到3.3亿人次。

The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow.

哥伦比亚大学心理学教授贝蒂·斯帕罗指出，互联网可能只是改变了我们记住的内容，而不是我们记住的能力。

In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain," for example).

2011年，斯帕罗领导了一项研究，研究中参与者被要求将40个事实性信息记录在电脑中（例如："鸵鸟的眼睛比大脑大"）。

Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved.

一半的参与者被告知信息将会被删除，而另一半则被告知信息会被保存。

Guess what?

猜猜看？

The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers.

后来在被提问时，后者没有努力回忆这些信息，因为他们知道可以在自己的电脑上找到它们。

In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in.

在同一项研究中，一组被要求记住信息以及信息存储在哪些文件夹中。

They didn't remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders.

他们记不住信息本身，但记得如何找到这些文件夹。

In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology," Sparrow says.

换句话说，人类的记忆并没有退化，而是"适应了新的通讯技术"，斯帕罗说。

In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as "cognitive offloading.

从非常实际的角度来看，互联网正在成为我们记忆的外部硬盘，这一过程被称为"认知卸载"。

Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans.

传统上，这一角色由数据库、图书馆和其他人来完成。

Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance.

例如，你父亲可能永远记不住生日，因为你的母亲记得。

Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society but Sparrow sees an upside.

一些人担心这会对社会产生破坏性的影响，但斯帕罗看到了其中的积极面。

Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking - something that is not available on the Internet.

她认为，这一趋势可能会改变我们对学习的态度，从关注个别事实和记忆转向更强调概念性思维——而这一点在互联网上是无法获得的。

“I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things," Sparrow says, adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.

我个人从未在记忆事物中看到太多智力价值，斯帕罗说道，并补充说我们并没有失去这种能力。

Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains.

还有其他专家表示，现在还为时过早，无法理解互联网对我们大脑的影响。

There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J.

心理学家克里斯托弗·查布里斯和丹尼尔·J. 写道，目前还没有实验证据表明它会干扰我们集中注意力的能力。

Simons.

西蒙斯。

And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.

在2008年一项涉及24名参与者的研究中，加州大学洛杉矶分校塞梅尔神经科学与人类行为研究所发现，对于精通电脑的老年人来说，上网冲浪比阅读更能锻炼大脑。

"There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs," observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm.

心理学教授本杰明·斯托姆观察到："我们对互联网的依赖增加可能会带来一些代价，但我觉得总体而言，益处应该会超过这些代价。"

"It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better?

似乎很明显，我们的记忆正在发生变化，但这种变化是向好的方向发展吗？

At this point, we don't know.

此时，我们尚不清楚。

Teenagers are paradoxical.

青少年是矛盾的。

That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language.

这是一种温和而超然的说法，用来表达父母们常常使用更为强烈措辞表达的内容。

But the paradox is scientific as well as personal.

但这种矛盾不仅存在于个人层面，也存在于科学层面。

In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other.

在青春期，那些几乎完全依赖成年人的无助儿童，会成长为能够自立并互相帮助的独立个体。

At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.

同时，曾经愉快顺从的孩子变成了具有叛逆性格的、喜欢冒险的青少年。

A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.

由莱顿大学的埃维琳·克罗内及其同事发表在《儿童发展》期刊上的一项新研究指出，青少年的积极面和消极面是相伴而生的。

The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence.

这项研究是关于青春期的一种新思潮的一部分。

For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem needed to be solved.

长期以来，科学家和政策制定者都集中于这样一个观念，即青少年是一个需要解决的问题。

The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.

这项新研究强调，青春期既是充满机会的时期，也是充满风险的时期。

The researchers studied "prosocial" and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old.

研究人员对200多名年龄在11至28岁之间的儿童和年轻人进行了研究，考察了他们的"亲社会"和叛逆特质。

The participants filled out questions about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.

参与者填写了关于他们多经常做利他和积极的事情（比如牺牲自己的利益去帮助朋友）以及做叛逆和消极的事情（比如喝醉酒或深夜外出）的问卷。

Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increased as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older.

其他研究表明，随着你进入青春期，叛逆行为会增加，而随着年龄增长，这种行为又会逐渐减少。

But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior.

但新研究显示，有趣的是，同样的模式也适用于亲社会行为。

Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.

青少年比年幼的儿童或成年人更有可能报告他们做过诸如无私地帮助朋友之类的事情。

Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness.

最重要的是，亲社会行为与叛逆性之间存在正相关关系。

The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others.

那些更叛逆的青少年也更有可能帮助他人。

The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.

青春期的好与坏似乎是一起发展的。

Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments?

是否存在某种共同因素在背后推动这些看似矛盾的发展？

One idea is that teenager behavior is related to what researchers call” reward sensitivity.

一个想法是，青少年的行为与研究人员所说的“奖励敏感性”有关。

Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs “Reward sensitivity” 'measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.

决策过程总是涉及奖励与风险、利益与成本之间的权衡，“奖励敏感性”衡量的是需要多大的奖励才能抵消风险。

Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards-winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you.

青少年对社交奖励特别敏感——比如赢得比赛、给新朋友留下好印象、让那个男孩注意到你。

Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age.

奖励敏感性，就像亲社会行为和冒险行为一样，在青春期会上升，然后随着年龄增长再次下降。

Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.

不知何故，当你到了30岁，那种在聚会上发生令人兴奋的新事情的可能性，似乎不再能抵消你从沙发上站起来所付出的努力了。

In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature.

18世纪末期，威廉·华兹华斯因描写自然的诗而闻名。

And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.

他还是浪漫主义运动的创始人之一，该运动歌颂自然世界的壮丽之处。

Poetry is powerful.

诗歌是有力的。

Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently.

其活力和节奏能够吸引读者，带他们进入另一个世界并让他们以不同的视角看待事物。

Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.

通过精心选择的词语和短语，诗歌可以是戏剧性的、幽默的、优美的、感人的和鼓舞人心的。

No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write.

没有人确切知道诗歌起源于何时但它已经存在了数千年甚至在人类能够书写之前

It was a way to tell stories and pass down history.

这是一种讲述故事和传承历史的方式。

It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud.

它与歌曲密切相关，即使被书写下来，通常也是为了大声表演而创作的。

Poems really come to life when they are recited.

诗歌被朗诵时才会真正变得生动。

This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.

这也有助于理解他们，因为词语的节奏和发音变得更清晰。