2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Your social life is defined as 'the activities you do with other people, for pleasure, when you are not working'.

社交生活被定义为你在非工作时间与其他人进行的娱乐活动。

It's important to have a social life, but what's right for one person won’t be right for another.

拥有社交生活很重要，但对一个人合适的事未必适合另一个人。

Some of us feel energised by spending lots of time with others, 1 some of us may feel drained, even if it’s doing something we enjoy.

我们中的一些人通过花大量时间与他人相处而感到精力充沛，1我们中的一些人可能会感到疲惫，即使是在做自己喜欢的事情时。

This is why finding a 2 in your social life is key.

这就是为什么在你的社交生活中找到一个2是关键。

Spending too much time on your own, not 3 others, can make you feel lonely and 4.

独自花费过多时间，而不是3他人，可能会让你感到孤独和4。

Loneliness is known to impact on your mental health and 5 a low mood.

孤独已知会对你的心理健康和5低落情绪产生影响。

Anyone can feel lonely at any time.

任何人都可能在任何时候感到孤独。

This might be especially true if, 6 you are working from home and you are 7 on the social conversations that happen in an office.

这可能尤其真实，如果 6你在家工作并且 7依赖办公室里发生的社交对话。

Other life changes also 8 periods of loneliness too, such as retirement, changing jobs or becoming a parent.

其他人生变化也会导致 8 个孤独时期，例如退休、更换工作或成为父母。

It’s important to recognise these feelings of loneliness.

认识到这些孤独感很重要。

There are ways to 9 a social life.

有办法9社交生活。

But it be overwhelming 10.

但它是压倒性的10。

It’s a great idea to start by thinking about hobbies you enjoy.

从思考你喜欢的爱好开始是一个好主意。

You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be able to meet 11 people.

然后你可以找到与之相关的小组和活动，在那里你可以结识 11 个人。

There are groups aimed at new parents, at those who want to 12 a new sport for the first time or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and 13 ideas.

有针对新父母的群体，有针对那些第一次想尝试新运动的人，以及为同一职业人士举办的社交活动以交流想法。

On the other hand, it is 14 possible to have too much of a social life.

另一方面，拥有过多的社交生活是14可能的。

If you feel like you’re always doing something and there is never any 15 in your calendar for downtime, you could suffer social burnout or social 16.

如果你感觉总是有事情要做，日历上从没有15的空闲时间，你可能会经历社交倦怠或社交16。

We all have our own social limit and it's important to recognise when you're feeling like it's all too much.

我们都有自己的社交极限，重要的是要认识到当你感到压力过大时。

Low mood, low energy, irritability and trouble sleeping could all be 17 of poor social health.

情绪低落、精力不足、易怒和睡眠问题都可能是17号的社交健康问题。

Make sure you 18 some time in your diary when you’re 19 for socialising and use this time to relax, 20 and recover.

确保你在日程本上 18 出一些时间用于 19 社交，并利用这段时间放松、 20 和恢复。

Anger over AI’s role in exacerbating inequality could endanger the technology’s future.

对人工智能加剧不平等现象的愤怒可能会危及这项技术的未来发展。

In her new book Cogs and Monsters: What Economics Is, and What It Should Be, Diane Coyle, an economist at Cambridge University, argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress.

在她的新书《齿轮与怪物：经济学是什么，以及它应该是什么》中，剑桥大学的经济学家黛安·科伊尔认为，数字经济需要新的思维方式来衡量进步。

“Whatever we mean by the economy growing, by things getting better, the gains will have to be more evenly shared than in the recent past,” she writes.

她写道：'无论我们如何定义经济增长或事情变好，未来的收益必须比近期更加均衡地分配。'

“An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers, with middle-income jobs undercut by automation, will not be politically sustainable.

一个由科技百万富翁或亿万富翁以及零工工作者组成的经济，当中等收入工作被自动化取代时，将不会在政治上具有可持续性。

Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digital technologies to boost productivity in various sectors, including health care and construction, says Coyle.

科伊尔表示，要提高生活标准并让更多人实现繁荣，需要更广泛地使用数字技术来提升各个领域的生产率，包括医疗保健和建筑业。

But people can’t be expected to embrace the changes if they’re not seeing the benefits—if they’re just seeing good jobs being destroyed.

但如果人们看不到这些变化带来的好处，而只是看到优质工作被摧毁，就无法指望他们接受这些变化。

In a recent interview with MIT Technology Review, Coyle said she fears that tech’s inequality problem could be a roadblock to deploying AI.

在最近一次与《麻省理工科技评论》的采访中，科伊尔表示，她担心科技领域的不平等问题可能会成为部署人工智能的障碍。

“We’re talking about disruption,” she says.

她说：‘我们谈论的是颠覆。’

“These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day, that change business models that succeed.

这些是变革性技术，它们改变了我们每天花费时间的方式，并改变了成功的商业模式。

To make such “tremendous changes,” she adds, you need social buy-in.

她补充说，要实现这样的巨大变化，你需要社会的认可。

Instead, says Coyle, resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites in a handful of prosperous cities.

相反，科伊尔说，随着人们认为这些好处只流向少数富裕城市的精英阶层，许多人的不满情绪正在酝酿。

According to the Brookings Institution, a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco, San Jose, Boston, and Seattle had roughly 38% of all tech jobs by 2019.

根据布鲁金斯学会的数据，到2019年，包括旧金山、圣何塞、波士顿和西雅图在内的美国八个城市，占据了所有科技工作的约38%。

New AI technologies are particularly concentrated: Brookings’s Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just 15 cities account for two-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in the United States (San Francisco and San Jose alone account for about one-quarter).

新的AI技术特别集中：布鲁金斯学会的马克·穆罗和刘思凡估计，仅15个城市就占美国AI资产和能力的三分之二（仅旧金山和圣何塞两地就占约四分之一）。

The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographical disparities in wealth will continue to soar.

少数城市在人工智能的发明和商业化中的主导地位意味着财富的地理差距将继续扩大。

Not only will this foster political and

这不仅会加剧政治和

social unrest, but it could, as Coyle suggests, hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.

社会动荡，而且正如科伊尔所指出的，可能会阻碍区域经济需要的AI技术的发展。

Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining the AI agenda.

部分解决方案可能在于以某种方式放松大科技公司对定义AI议程的垄断。

That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.

这可能需要增加联邦政府对独立于科技巨头的研究的资金支持。

Muro and others have suggested hefty federal funding to help create US regional innovation centers, for example.

穆罗等人曾建议提供大量联邦资金，以帮助创建美国的区域性创新中心，例如。

A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies that don’t simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care most about, like health care, education, and manufacturing.

一个更直接的回应是，拓展我们的数字想象力，设想出那些不仅仅取代工作岗位，还能在国家各地区最关注的领域（如医疗保健、教育和制造业）中扩大机会的人工智能技术。

The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood, Confor has warned.

Confor警告称，由于未能种植树木以生产木材，英国正面临未来的建筑危机。

The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the country’s reliance on timber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.

林业和木材贸易机构呼吁采取紧急行动减少该国对木材进口的依赖，并为子孙后代提供稳定的木材供应。

Currently only 20 percent of the UK’s wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the second-largest net importer of timber in the world.

目前，英国仅20%的木材需求是本国生产的，而它仍然是全球第二大木材净进口国。

Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees, the trade body says these don’t go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timber supplies.

在英国政府近期出台的新激励措施鼓励土地所有者种植更多树木的背景下，该贸易机构表示这些措施力度不足，未能充分宣传种植树木以增加木材供应的好处。

“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now, but we will also be facing a future construction crisis because of failure to plant trees to produce wood.

我们不仅现在面临碳危机，而且由于未能植树以生产木材，未来还将面临建设危机。

said Stuart Goodall, chief executive of Confor.

康福公司首席执行官斯图尔特·古德奥尔表示。

"For decades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic wood supply, leaving us exposed to fluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall.

几十年来，我们没有承担起投资本国木材供应的责任，导致我们暴露在价格波动的风险中，并在未来木材供应上与全球需求上升、本国供应下降的趋势相抗衡。

The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader in certifying that its forests are sustainably managed, Confor says.

Confor表示，英国拥有理想的木材生长条件，可以用来建造低碳住宅，并且在认证其森林可持续管理方面是全球的领导者。

While around three quarters of Scottish homes are built from Scottish timber, the use of home-grown wood in England is only around 25 percent.

虽然苏格兰约四分之三的住宅是用苏格兰本地木材建造的，但在英格兰，使用本地木材建造住宅的比例仅为约25%。

While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to the UK's net-zero strategy, the focus of government support continues to be on food production and the rewinding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.

尽管高产的植树活动可以为农村经济带来真正的经济效益，并有助于英国实现净零排放战略，但政府支持的重点仍然放在粮食生产以及仅为了生物多样性的本土森林的恢复和种植上。

Goodall add： “ While food production and biodiversity are clearly of critical importance, we need our land to also provide secure supplies of wood for construction, manufacturing and contribute to net zero.

古德说："虽然粮食生产和生物多样性显然至关重要，但我们也需要土地能够为建筑、制造等行业提供稳定的木材供应，并为实现净零排放做出贡献。"

“While the UK government has stated its ambition for more tree planting, there has been little action on the ground.

尽管英国政府表示希望增加植树数量，但在实际操作中却鲜有行动。

Confor is now calling for much greater impetus behind those aspirations to ensure we have enough wood to meet increasing demand.

Confor 现在呼吁对这些目标给予更大的推动，以确保有足够的木材来满足日益增长的需求。

One big challenge in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it is time to turn over the key.

让不安全的老年驾驶员远离道路的一大挑战是说服他们认识到该把车钥匙交出来了。

It is a complete life-changer when someone stops—or is forced to stop—driving, said former risk manager Anne M.

前风险管理专家安妮·M. 说："当有人停止驾驶，或者被迫停止驾驶时，这对他来说是一个彻底的人生转折点。"

Menke.

门克。

The American Medical Association advises physicians that in situation where clear evidence of substantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety, and where the physician’s advice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored, it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles, Menke wrote.

门克写道，美国医学会建议医生，在存在明显证据表明驾驶能力严重受损并对患者和公众安全构成重大威胁的情况下，如果医生建议停止驾驶权限却被忽视，那么通知机动车管理局是合情合理且符合伦理的。

“Some states require physicians to report, others allow but do not mandate reports, while a few consider a report breach of confidentiality.

一些州要求医生进行报告，另一些州允许但不强制要求报告，而少数州则认为报告会违反保密原则。

There could be liability and penalties if a physician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality ” she counseled.

她告诫说，如果医生不按照各州关于报告和保密的法律行事，可能会面临责任和处罚。

Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piecemeal by different professions with different focuses, including gerontologists, highway administration officials, automotive engineers and others, said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan.

老年驾驶员安全问题的部分难点在于，不同职业从各自不同的角度，包括老年学家、公路管理部门官员、汽车工程师等，对这些问题进行零散的处理，”老年学家伊丽莎白·杜甘说道。

“There’s not a National Institute of Older Driver Studies,” she said.

她说：‘并没有一个全国性的老年驾驶员研究机构。’

“We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe” and what can help, said Dugan.

杜甘表示：‘我们需要更确切的证据来了解哪些因素会使驾驶员变得不安全，以及哪些措施能够有所帮助。’

One thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.

似乎有效的一项措施是要求驾驶员亲自到场办理驾照更新手续。

Mandatory in-person renewal was associated with a 31 percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers 85 or older, according to one study.

根据一项研究，强制性亲自到场更新驾照与85岁及以上驾驶员致命性车祸减少了31%相关。

Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers, although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.

通过视力测试也能使这些驾驶员的致命性车祸数量出现类似的下降，尽管将两者结合似乎并没有带来额外的好处。

Many old drivers don't see eye doctors or can't afford to.

许多老司机不去看眼科医生，或者负担不起。

Primary care providers have their hands full and may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they can't turn their heads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and haven't changed their seat settings sufficiently to reach car pedals easily,

初级保健医生已经忙得不可开交，可能无法跟进那些因无法转头、记不住要去哪里，或者身体变矮而没有充分调整座椅设置以方便踩踏汽车踏板的患者。

As long as there are other cars on the roads, self-driving cars won't solve the problems of crashes, said Dugan.

杜甘说，只要还有其他车辆在道路上行驶，自动驾驶汽车就无法解决车祸问题。

Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require to many algorithms, she said.

她说，要避免所有这些人类驾驶员带来的危险，需要大量的算法。

But we need to do more to improve safety, said Dugan.

但杜甘表示，我们需要做更多来提高安全性。

“If we're going to have 100-year lives, we need cars that a 90-year-old can drive comfortably.

如果我们能活到100岁，我们就需要能让90岁老人舒适驾驶的汽车。

If you look at the apps on your phone, chances are you have at least one related to your health—and probably several.

如果你看看手机上的应用程序，很可能你至少有一个与健康相关的应用——甚至可能有好几个。

Whether it is a mental health app, a fitness tracker, a connected health device or something else, many of us are taking advantage of this technology to keep better track of our health in some shape or form.

无论是心理健康应用、健身追踪器、联网健康设备还是其他东西，我们中的许多人正在以某种方式利用这些技术来更好地关注自己的健康状况。

Recent research from the Organization for the Review of Care and Health Applications found that 350,000 health apps were available on the market, 90,000 of which launched in 2020 alone.

最近，健康护理与应用审查组织的一项研究发现，市场上有35万款健康类应用程序可供使用，其中9万款是在2020年这一年推出的。

While these apps have a great deal to offer, it is not always clear how the personal information we input is collected, safeguarded and shared online.

尽管这些应用程序提供了诸多便利，但我们输入的个人信息是如何被收集、保护和在线共享的，却并不总是清晰明了。

Existing health privacy law, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is primarily focused on the way hospitals, doctors ’ offices, clinics and insurance companies store health records online.

现有的健康隐私法律，如《健康保险可携带性和责任法案》，主要关注医院、医生办公室、诊所和保险公司如何在线存储健康记录。

The health information these apps and health data tracking wearables are collecting typically does not receive the same legal protections.

这些应用程序和健康数据追踪可穿戴设备所收集的健康信息，通常不会受到同样的法律保护。

Without additional protections in place, companies may share (and potentially monetize) personal health information in a way consumers may not have authorized or anticipated.

如果没有额外的保护措施，公司可能会以消费者未授权或未预料到的方式共享（甚至可能变现）个人健康信息。

In 2021, Flo Health faced a Federal Trade Commission（FTC） investigation.

2021年，Flo Health面临美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）的调查。

The FTC alleged in a complaint that "despite express privacy claims, the company took control of users' sensitivity fertility data and shared it with third parties.

美国联邦贸易委员会在一份投诉中指控称，尽管公司明确声明了隐私政策，但该公司仍掌控了用户的敏感生育数据，并将其与第三方共享。

Flo Health and the FTC settled the matter with a Consent Order requiring the company to get app users' express affirmative consent before sharing their health information as well as to instruct the third parties to delete the data they had obtained.

Flo Health与联邦贸易委员会达成和解协议，要求该公司在分享用户健康信息前必须获得用户的明确肯定同意，并要求第三方删除其已获取的数据。

Section 5 of the FTC Act empowers the FTC to initiate enforcement action against unfair or deceptive acts, meaning the FTC can only act after the fact if a company's privacy practices are misleading or cause unjustified consumer harm.

《FTC法案》第5条赋予FTC对不公平或欺骗行为采取执法行动的权力，这意味着如果一家公司的隐私做法具有误导性或导致消费者受到不合理的伤害，FTC只能在事后再采取行动。

While the FTC is doing what it can to ensure apps are keeping their promises to consumers around the handling of their sensitive health information, the rate at which these health apps are hitting the market demonstrates just how immense of a challenge this is.

尽管FTC正在尽其所能确保这些应用程序在处理敏感健康信息时兑现对消费者的承诺，但这些健康应用程序进入市场的速度表明，这是一项多么巨大的挑战。

As to the prospects for federal legislation, commentators suggest that comprehensive federal privacy legislation seems unlikely in the short term.

至于联邦立法的前景，评论人士认为短期内出台全面的联邦隐私立法似乎不太可能。

States have begun implementing their own solutions to shore up protections for consumer-generated health data.

各州已经开始实施自己的解决方案，以加强消费者生成的健康数据的保护。

California has been at the forefront of state privacy efforts with the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018.

加州在州隐私努力方面一直处于领先地位，其代表是2018年的《加州消费者隐私法案》。

Virginia ， Colorado and Utah have also recently passed state consumer data privacy legislation.

弗吉尼亚州、科罗拉多州和犹他州也最近通过了各自州的消费者数据隐私立法。

With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air, stalls bursting with colorful vegetables and tempting cheeses, and the buzz of friendly chats, farmers ’ markets are a feast for the senses.

空气中飘散着咖啡和新鲜面包的香气，摊位上摆满了色彩鲜艳的蔬菜和诱人的奶酪，友好的交谈声此起彼伏，农贸市场是一场感官盛宴。

They also provide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food, support your local economy and pick up fresh seasonal produce — all at the same time.

它们还提供了一个与负责种植或培育你食物的人交谈的机会，支持当地经济并购买新鲜时令农产品——所有这些都可以同时完成。

Farmers ’ markets are usually weekly or monthly events, most often with outdoor stalls, which allow farmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.

农贸市场通常是每周或每月一次的活动，通常设有户外摊位，使农民或生产者能够直接向顾客销售他们的食品。

The size or regularity of markets can vary from season to season, depending on the area's agricultural calendar, and you’re likely to find different produce on sale at different times of the year.

市场的规模或规律性可能因季节而异，取决于该地区的农业日历，你可能在一年中不同时期发现不同的农产品在出售。

By cutting out the middlemen, the farmers secure more profit for their produce.

通过消除中间商，农民能为他们的农产品获得更多的利润。

Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where — and to who — their money is going.

购物者也能从确切知道他们的钱流向了哪里——以及流向了谁——中受益。