2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.

定期称重是保持对任何显著体重波动警觉的绝佳方法。

1, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2.

1 当过于频繁时，这个习惯有时会造成的伤害比它 2 的好处还要多。

As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active, to focusing 3 on the scale.

对我来说，每天称体重让我把关注点从保持总体健康和身体活跃，转移到了体重秤上的数字3上。

That was bad to my overall fitness goals.

这对我的整体健身目标不利。

I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program.

我以增加肌肉质量的形式增重了，但只考虑体重秤上的4这个数字，我调整了我的训练计划。

That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.

这与我需要如何训练以5我的目标相冲突。

I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.

我还发现每天称重并未提供一个准确的6来衡量我在健身房里所做的辛勤工作和进步。

It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program.

需要大约三周到一个月的时间才能注意到体重的显著变化7改变你的训练计划。

The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.

最8的变化将观察到在技能水平、力量和失去的英寸中。

For these 9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10.

对于这 9 个，我停止每天称重，改为每两个月称一次 10。

Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week.

由于减肥不是我的目标，每周11我的体重对我来说不那么重要。

Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes.

每两周称一次体重让我观察并12任何显著的体重变化。

That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.

这告诉我是否需要13我的训练计划。

I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well.

我也会利用每两个月一次的称重14来获取关于我营养状况的信息。

If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.

如果我的训练强度保持不变，但我在持续 15并减重，这是一个 16信号，表明我需要增加每日的热量摄入。

The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being.

停止每天称重的第 17 条建议极大地改善了我的整体健康、体能和幸福感。

I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in.

自从我不再承担早上18点称重的负担，我对锻炼的热情增加了。

I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.

我也在实现特定健身目标方面取得了更大的成功，19 我是根据这些目标进行训练，而不是体重秤上的数字。

Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

与其关注体重秤上的20，不如将注意力转向你的外表、感受、衣服是否合身以及整体精力水平。

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.

与所谓的基本情绪如悲伤、恐惧和愤怒不同，内疚感出现得稍晚一些，伴随着孩子对社会和道德规范理解的逐渐加深。

Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends – and their own consciences.

孩子们并不是生来就知道如何说"对不起"；相反，他们随着时间的推移逐渐学会，这样的表达可以安抚父母和朋友，也能安抚他们自己的良心。

This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

这就是为什么研究人员通常认为，适量的所谓道德内疚感是一件好事。

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap.

当然，在大众的想象中，内疚感仍然带有负面色彩。

It is deeply uncomfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.

它非常令人不适——就像穿着一件装满石头的外套一样，是一种情绪上的负担。

Yet this understanding is outdated.

然而，这种看法已经过时了。

“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

弗吉尼亚大学的心理学研究员阿姆里莎·瓦什表示："关于内疚是什么以及内疚能发挥什么作用，出现了一种复兴或重新思考的趋势。" 她补充说，这种复兴是更广泛地认识到情绪并非非黑即白的一种表现——某种在一种情境下可能有益的情绪，在另一种情境下可能有害。

Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.

例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能已经进化为提醒我们注意重要不平等的信号。

Too much happiness can be destructive.

过多的快乐可能是破坏性的。

And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.

而内疚则通过促使我们更深入地思考自己的善良，鼓励人类弥补错误并修复关系。

Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.

换句话说，内疚有助于维系一个合作的物种。

It is a kind of social glue.

它是一种社会粘合剂。

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity.

从这个角度看，内疚是一种机会。

Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.

多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚可能会弥补某种情绪缺陷。

In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.

在多项研究中，Malti 和其他研究者已经表明，内疚感和同情心可能代表通向合作与分享的不同途径。

Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.

一些同情心较低的孩子可能会通过体验更多的内疚感来弥补这一不足，这种内疚感能够抑制他们更恶劣的冲动。

And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

反之亦然：较高的同情心可以弥补较低的内疚感。

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children.

例如，在2014年的一项研究中，Malti 研究了244名儿童。

Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.

通过照顾者的评估和孩子们的自我观察，她对每个孩子的总体同情水平以及他们在道德越轨后产生负面情绪的倾向进行了评分。

Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.

随后，孩子们被分发了巧克力硬币，并有机会与一名匿名儿童分享这些硬币。

For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.

对于同情心较低的孩子来说，他们分享的数量似乎取决于他们产生内疚感的倾向程度。

The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

那些容易感到内疚的孩子分享得更多，尽管他们并没有神奇地变得更加同情对方所遭受的剥夺。

“That’s good news, ” Malti says.

“这是个好消息，”马尔蒂说。

“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.

我们可以表现出亲社会行为，因为我们造成了伤害并感到后悔。

Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.

森林为我们提供荫蔽、宁静以及应对气候变化斗争中的一大挑战。

Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.

即使我们人类依赖森林吸收我们排放的大量二氧化碳，我们却在威胁它们完成这一任务的能力。

The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

我们加速的气候变化有一天可能会使森林排放的碳多于吸收的碳。

Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap – but it involves striking a subtle balance.

幸运的是，有一种方法可以摆脱这个困境——但它需要达到一种微妙的平衡。

Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.

帮助森林在未来长期作为宝贵的‘碳汇’繁茂生长，可能需要现在减少它们吸收碳的能力。

California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

加利福尼亚州正在引领这一方向，就像它在许多气候行动中所做的那样，正在努力理清具体细节。

The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.

该州提出的森林碳计划旨在加倍努力，在森林的部分区域疏伐幼树并清除灌木丛。

This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.

但这会暂时降低森林的碳储存能力。

But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air.

然而，剩下的树木会占据更多的可用水分，因此它们生长得更好，恢复森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。

Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.

健康的树木也更能抵御害虫的侵袭。

The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.

这样的景观更不容易燃烧。

Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

即使发生火灾，被烧毁的树木也会更少。

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.

制定此类计划的必要性日益紧迫。

Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.

截至目前，自2010年以来，干旱和害虫已导致加利福尼亚州超过一亿棵树死亡，其中大部分发生在2016年，而野火已烧毁了数十万英亩的土地。

California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 – financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions.

到2020年，加利福尼亚州计划每年治理35,000英亩的森林，到2030年增加到60,000英亩——资金将来自该州排放许可拍卖所得的收入。

That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

这仅仅是可能受益的总面积的一小部分，总计约有50万英亩，因此必须优先治理那些最易发生火灾或干旱的区域。

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.

该策略还旨在确保从森林中移除的木质材料中的碳被封存在实体木材中，或用作生物燃料在原本依赖化石燃料的车辆中燃烧。

New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.

关于交通运输用生物燃料的新研究已经在进行中。

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation.

州政府早已习惯于管理森林，但传统上他们关注的重点是野生动物、集水区以及休闲娱乐的机会。

Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.

他们只是最近才意识到森林在储存碳方面将发挥的关键作用。

California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.

预计该计划将在明年由州长最终确定，应成为其他地区的典范。

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.

美国农民已经抱怨劳动力短缺好几年了。

The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

在没有对农场工人移民规则进行全面改革的情况下，这些投诉不太可能停止。

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.

国会阻碍了为农业工人创建更简单签证的努力，这种签证将允许外国工人在美国停留更长时间，并在该行业内更换工作。

If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.

如果这种情况不改变，美国的企业、社区和消费者将成为输家。

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.

或许有一半的美国农场工人是无证移民。

As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.

随着越来越少这样的工人进入该国，农业劳动力的特征正在发生变化。

Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.

如今的农场工人虽然仍主要出生在墨西哥，但更可能已经定居而非迁徙，更可能已婚而非单身。

They’re also aging.

他们也在逐渐变老。

At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.

本世纪初，大约三分之一的作物工人年龄超过35岁。

Now more than half are.

现在超过一半的人都这样了。

And picking crops is hard on older bodies.

而采摘庄稼对年长的身体来说是很吃力的。

One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.

一个经常被讨论的解决劳动力短缺的方法一直以来都同样不切实际：美国本土工人不会重返农场。

Mechanization isn’t the answer, either – not yet, at least.

机械化也不是答案——至少目前还不是。

Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor.

玉米、棉花、大米、大豆和小麦的生产已经基本实现了机械化，但许多高价值且劳动密集型的作物，如草莓，仍然需要人工劳动。

Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.

即使是在乳制品农场，机器人只承担了一小部分挤奶工作，离完全自动化还有很长的路要走。

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.

因此，农场越来越依赖使用H-2A签证的临时访客工人来填补劳动力缺口。

Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

从2012年左右开始，这类签证的申请数量急剧上升；从2011年到2016年，签发的H-2A签证数量翻了一番多。

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year.

H-2A签证没有人数上限，不像用于非农业工作的H-2B签证每年限定为66,000人。

Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need.

即便如此，雇主们抱怨他们并没有获得所需的所有工人。

The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable.

这个过程繁琐、昂贵且不可靠。

One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late.

一项调查显示，官僚主义的延误导致平均每位H-2A工人晚22天才能上岗。

The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

这种短缺因联邦移民突袭而加剧，这些突袭驱逐了一些工人，迫使其他人从事地下工作。

In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.

在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植者以及近80%的葡萄干和浆果种植者表示他们面临劳动力短缺。

Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.

一些西部的农民对此的回应是将业务转移到墨西哥。

From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.

从1998年到2000年，美国人消费的水果中有14.5%是进口的。

Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.

短短十多年后，进口份额上升到了25.8%。

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

实际上，美国可以进口食品，或者进口采摘这些食品的工人。

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic.

阿诺德·施瓦辛格、迪亚·米尔扎和亚当·格林杰向你传递一个信息：打败塑料很容易。

They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day – encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.

他们是一群参与世界环境日新视频拍摄的明星，旨在鼓励你——消费者——将一次性塑料用品如吸管和餐具替换掉，以应对塑料危机。

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.

世界环境日提出的关键信息中确实包括呼吁各国政府制定法规以减少一次性塑料的使用。

But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

但总体信息是针对个人的。

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.

然而，让我担忧的是，将责任留给个人，我们对需要实现的目标有着有限的认识。

On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.

仅凭我们自己，比如自带购物袋去杂货店或停止使用塑料吸管，这些行为几乎不会带来什么成效，也几乎不需要我们付出什么。

They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions – a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

它们甚至可能适得其反，满足了我们‘已经尽了一份力’的心理需求，却从未推动我们采取更大胆、更有效的行动——这类似于一种‘道德授权’，减轻了我们的担忧，阻止我们做更多事或对掌权者提出更高要求。

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

当关于环境和我们对它责任的讨论仍然集中在购物袋和吸管上时，我们却忽视了这种权力平衡所暗示的含义，即作为‘消费者’，我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为‘公民’去要求政府和企业负责，推动真正的系统性变革。

It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority – or even most people’s.

重要的是要承认，环境并不是每个人优先考虑的事情——甚至对大多数人来说也不是。

We shouldn’t expect it to be.

我们不应该指望它成为每个人的优先事项。

In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.

在她最新出版的《为什么好人会做坏事：环境行为解析》一书中，韦尔斯利学院教授伊丽莎白·R.

DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.

德索姆布认为，要集体改变大量人群的行为，最好的方式是进行结构性的改变。

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether.

这可能意味着实施诸如对塑料制品征税的政策，使对环境有害的行为付出代价，或者全面禁止一次性塑料制品。

India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.

印度刚刚宣布将于2022年前全面禁止国内所有一次性塑料制品。

There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

还有基于激励的方法可以使更好的环保选择更容易实现，例如确保回收利用至少和垃圾处理一样容易。

DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.

德斯蒙布（DeSombre）并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。

It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

她说，仅仅依靠个人行为，或者甚至将其作为主要手段，都无法有效改变普遍的行为方式，因为个人行动太慢了。

None of this is about writing off the individual.

所有这些都不是要否定个人的作用。

It’s just about putting things into perspective.

只是要让人们从更全面的视角来看待问题。

We don’t have time to wait.

我们没有时间可以等待。

We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

我们需要推进政策来塑造集体行动（并限制污染企业），同时也要有积极参与的公民推动变革。

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.

低估英国作家詹姆斯·赫里奥特很容易。

He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.

他拥有一种如此愉悦且易于阅读的风格，以至于人们可能会认为任何人都能模仿它。

How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book.

我多少次听到人们说：「我本来可以写一本书。」

I just haven’t the time.

我只是没有时间。

Easily said.

说起来容易。

Not so easily done.

并非那么容易做到。

James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”.

詹姆斯·赫里奥特与普遍看法相反，在他早期尝试写作的时期，并未觉得这很容易，正如他所说，“尝试写作”。

While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.

虽然他显然拥有丰富的天赋，但他最终呈现给世界的作品是多年练习、重写和阅读的结果。

Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.

和大多数作者一样，他在创作过程中不得不经历许多失望和拒绝，但这些经历反而使他更加决心取得成功。

Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.

他一生中所取得的一切成就都是通过艰苦努力获得的，而他在文学领域的成功也不例外。