2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartphones.

如今我们生活在一个世界，GPS系统、数字地图和其他导航应用都可在我们的智能手机上使用。

1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.

1 我们中有人只是径直走进树林里，没有带手机。

But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.

但手机2依赖电池，而电池可能比我们意识到的更快耗尽。

3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.

3 你没有手机或指南针会迷路，而且你 4 找不到北方时，我们有几个技巧可以帮助你导航 5 到文明社会，其中之一是跟随陆地走。

When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area?

当你发现自己在6上小径，但不在一个完全7的区域时，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定区域，哪个8是下坡？

And where is the nearest water source?

最近的水源在哪里？

Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.

人类绝大多数居住在山谷中，并依赖淡水资源。

9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.

9 ，如果你往山下走，沿着找到的任何水源走，你应该 10 看到有人的迹象。

If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.

如果你之前探索过这一区域，请留意熟悉的景物——你可能会发现11识别出独特的岩石或树木能多么迅速地恢复你的方向感。

Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.

另一个12：攀高并寻找人类居住的迹象。

13 even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods.

13 即使在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现14树线中的空隙，这些空隙是由于道路、铁路轨道和其他人们在森林中开辟的路径造成的15

Head toward these 16 to find a way out.

朝着这 16 个方向前进以找到出路。

At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.

在夜晚，在地平线上搜寻 17 个光源，如篝火和路灯，然后朝着光污染的光亮走去。

18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.

18 ，假设你迷失在一个人类倾向于频繁出没的地区，寻找我们留在景观上的 19 。

Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.

小径标记、车辙和其他特征可以20你到文明社会。

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.

英国的金融监管机构对大银行的负责人实施了一项相当不寻常的规定。

Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.

从明年开始，如果这些银行因不当行为而受到调查，其高管的任何有保证的奖金都可能被延迟十年发放。

The main purpose of this "clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.

这项"追回"规则的主要目的是让银行家对其有害的风险行为负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。

Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

然而，官员们还希望获得更大的好处：不仅银行，所有公司都能做出更长远的决策，为未来几代人建设更强大的经济。

"Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.

英国央行首席经济学家安德鲁·哈尔丹表示，"短期主义"或追求快速盈利的欲望，在上市公司中变得更加严重。

He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like "children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once" rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

他引用了古典经济学巨擘阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话，将这种金融上的急躁比作"孩子们把布丁里的李子挑出来立刻吃掉，而不是留到最后再吃"。

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.

他指出，近年来在美国和英国，持有股票的平均时间已从七年的下降到七个月。

Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.

要求公司每季度获得高利润的短期投资者，可能会阻碍企业进行长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力。

This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism.

这被称为"季度资本主义"。

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets.

此外，新的数字技术使得股票交易更加迅速，信息利用更加高效，从而导致金融市场中的注意力持续时间更短。

"There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing," said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔·加拉格尔本周在一次演讲中表示："似乎存在一种以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维占主导的现象。"

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce "short-termism.

在美国，2002年的《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》促使大多数上市公司将高级管理人员的业绩奖金推迟约一年发放，这在一定程度上有助于减少"短期主义"。

In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.

在最新的一项关于首席执行官薪酬的调查中，《华尔街日报》发现："相当大的一部分"高管薪酬现在与业绩挂钩。

Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism," such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.

为了鼓励"长期主义"，还可以采取更多措施，例如修改税法和加快股票收购信息的披露。

In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

在法国，如果股东持有公司投资至少两年，有时可以获得更多的公司投票权。

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.

在公司内部，合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管超越其在公司任职的时间，为所有利益相关者着想。

Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

英国的新规定提醒银行家们，社会不仅关注他们的短期表现，也关注他们的长期表现。

Grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.

成绩膨胀——过去几十年平均绩点（GPA）的逐渐上升——通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的一种产物，在这个时代里，学生被视为需要取悦的客户。

But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" - is helping raise GPAs.

但另一个相关因素——一种常被深藏在课程目录中的政策，称为"成绩宽恕"——正在帮助提高绩点。

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.

成绩宽恕允许学生重修他们曾获得低分的课程，而在计算学生的总体绩点时，只计算最近一次或最高一次的成绩。

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.

近年来，这种鲜为人知的做法的使用速度加快了，因为高校一直在尽最大努力让学生留在学校（并继续缴纳学费），同时提高毕业率。

When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.

几十年前，当这种做法刚开始实施时，通常仅限于大一新生，如果他们在适应大学课程的过程中遇到困难，可以给他们一次重新学习第一年课程的机会。

But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

但现在，除了许多精英校园之外，大多数高校都允许所有本科生，甚至研究生，将他们的低分予以宽恕。

College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.

大学官员倾向于强调，成绩宽恕的目标与其说是成绩本身，不如说是鼓励学生重修对他们学位课程和毕业至关重要的课程，而不会受到较大的惩罚。

"Ultimately," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.

最终，”俄亥俄州立大学的注册官杰克·迈纳说，“我们看到学生因为重修课程而取得更大的成功，他们在后续课程中表现更好，或者掌握了能够让他们按时毕业的内容。

That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.

话虽如此，成绩宽恕也满足了大学自身的某种需求。

For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.

对于公立院校来说，州政府的资金有时部分与它们在毕业率和学生保留率等指标上的表现挂钩——因此，更高的成绩可以通过提升这些数据来意味着更多的资金。

And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

而且，任何能够提高GPA的事情，都可能让学生——毕竟最终是他们在支付费用——觉得他们为学费得到了更好的价值，这也是大学非常关注的一个问题。

Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education.

事实上，成绩宽恕只是大学回应消费者对高等教育期望的另一种方式。

Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be.

由于学生和家长期望大学学位能带来工作机会，因此学校最符合自身利益的做法是培养出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来是合格的。

On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.

在这一点上，学生的激励和大学的激励似乎是一致的。

This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus," by Mary Shelley.

今年正好是玛丽·雪莱所著《弗兰肯斯坦；或，现代普罗米修斯》出版200周年。

Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

即使在电灯泡发明之前，这位作者也创作了一部非凡的科幻作品，预示了许多由尚未到来的技术引发的伦理问题。

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness?

如今，人工智能（AI）的迅猛发展引发了一些根本性的问题："什么是智能、身份或意识？"

What makes humans humans?

"什么使人类成为人类？"

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.

被称为人工通用智能的机器，即能够模仿人类思维方式的机器，至今仍然让科学家难以捉摸。

Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "Westworld" and "Humans.

然而，人类依然对那些看起来、行动和反应都像人类的机器人着迷，这些机器人类似于最近在热门科幻电视剧《西部世界》和《人类》中所描绘的形象。

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.

斯坦福大学的神经科学家大卫·埃格曼曼说，人类的思维方式仍然过于复杂，难以理解，更不用说复制了。

"We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.

我们目前正处于一个没有良好理论能够解释意识究竟是什么以及如何制造出具有意识的机器的境地。

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand.

但这并不意味着与人工智能相关的重大伦理问题尚未出现。

The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.

例如，自动驾驶汽车的即将到来将引发棘手的伦理问题。

Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.

人类驾驶员有时必须做出千分之一秒的决策。

Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.

他们的反应可能是瞬时反射、以往驾驶经验的输入以及当时眼睛和耳朵所传递信息的复杂结合。

AI "vision" today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.

如今的AI "视觉"远没有人类那么复杂精细。

And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

而要预见每一种可以想象的驾驶情况则是一个困难的编程问题。

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions," notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.

每当决策基于大量数据时，"你很快就会陷入许多伦理问题中，" 新加坡一家协助政府制定AI伦理使用自愿准则的机构首席执行官Tan Kiat How指出。

Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.

除了新加坡，其他政府和大型跨国公司也开始制定自己的指导方针。

Britain is setting up a data ethics center.

英国正在设立一个数据伦理中心。

India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

今年春天，印度发布了其人工智能伦理战略。

On June 7 Google pledged not to "design or deploy AI" that would cause "overall harm," or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.

6月7日，谷歌承诺不会设计或部署会造成‘总体伤害’的人工智能，也不会开发人工智能驱动的武器，或使用人工智能进行违反国际规范的监控。

It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

它还承诺不部署那些使用方式会违反国际法或人权的人工智能系统。

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point.

尽管这一声明较为模糊，但它代表了一个起点。

So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

同样，人工智能系统的决策应当可解释、透明且公平这一理念也代表了一个起点。

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values?

换句话说：我们如何确保智能机器的思维方式体现出人类的最高价值观？

Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.

只有这样，它们才能成为有用的仆人，而不是像弗兰肯斯坦那样失控的怪物。

States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

周四最高法院的一项裁决决定，各州将能够迫使更多人在进行在线购物时缴纳销售税，这虽然会让购物者的钱包更轻，但却为各州带来了巨大的财政收益。

The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.

周四，最高法院裁定推翻了两项已有数十年历史的裁决，这些裁决据称每年使各州损失数十亿美元的税收收入。

The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

这些裁决使得各州更难对某些在线购买行为征收销售税。

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state.

最高法院推翻的案件中指出，如果一家企业将客户的购买商品寄送到其没有实体存在（如仓库或办公室）的州，那么该企业无需为该州征收销售税。

Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.

如果客户没有被收取销售税，通常应自行向州政府缴纳，但大多数客户并不知道自己有这个义务，也很少有人实际缴纳。

Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.

安东尼·肯尼迪大法官写道，之前的裁决存在缺陷。

"Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States," he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.

他在一份与其他四位大法官联合签署的意见中写道："每年，实体存在规则都越来越脱离经济现实，并导致各州出现重大税收损失。"

Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.

肯尼迪还写道，这一规则"限制了各州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻碍了市场参与者在公平的竞争环境中竞争。"

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.

这项裁决对在多个州设有实体的大连锁企业来说是一次胜利，因为它们通常已经对在线购买征收销售税。

Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before.

现在，竞争对手们将在之前未征收销售税的地区开始征收销售税。

Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.

大型连锁企业一直在全国范围内收取销售税，因为它们通常在发货所到达的各个州都有实体店铺。

Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

亚马逊.com凭借其遍布各地的仓库网络，也在所有征收销售税的州收取销售税，尽管使用该网站的第三方卖家则无需这样做。

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.

迄今为止，许多只在一个或少数几个州拥有实体存在的卖家，在向这些州以外的地址发货时，都能够避免征收销售税。

Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide.

使用eBay和Etsy的卖家，这两个平台为小型卖家提供服务，也一直没有在全国范围内收取销售税。

Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

根据周四的裁决，各州可以制定法律，要求州外卖家从顾客处收取该州的销售税并将其上缴给州政府。

Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.

零售行业协会称赞这一裁决，称其为本地和在线企业创造了公平的竞争环境。

The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.

零售分析师尼尔·沙普尔斯表示，输家是仅在线上经营的零售商，尤其是那些规模较小的商家。

Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.

这些零售商在遵守各种州销售税法时可能会遇到麻烦。

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.

小型企业与创业理事会这一倡导组织在一份声明中表示："这一决定对小型企业和网络创业者来说完全不利。"