2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health.

古希腊哲学家Aristotle认为笑声是一种对健康有益的身体锻炼。

But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.

但1一些相反的说法，大笑可能对身体健康影响不大。

Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption.

笑会引起心脏及其血管功能的 2 项短期变化，3 心率和氧气消耗。

But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

但因为剧烈大笑难以4，一次良好的大笑不太可能像散步或慢跑那样带来5益处。

6 instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 .

6 与锻炼通过拉伸肌肉来增强肌肉不同，笑声显然达到了 7 的效果。

Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

20 世纪 30 年代的研究表明，笑能放松 8 块肌肉，使肌肉张力在笑停止后降低长达 45 分钟。

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.

这种身体反应可能帮助减轻9心理压力的影响。

Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual's emotional state.

无论如何，笑的行为可能确实会产生其他类型的10反馈，改善个人情绪状态。

11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.

11 一种经典的情绪理论，我们的情感部分源于 12 生理反应。

It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

19世纪末有人提出论点，认为人类不是因为 13悲伤才哭泣，而是当眼泪开始流的时候才变得悲伤。

Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.

尽管悲伤也会导致14眼泪，证据表明情绪可以引发15肌肉反应。

In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth - thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression.

1988年发表的一项实验中，德国维尔茨堡大学社会心理学家弗里茨·斯特拉克让志愿者用牙齿16一支笔——从而形成人工微笑——或用嘴唇17一支笔，这会产生一种17的表情。

Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.

被迫更积极地使用微笑肌肉观看搞笑卡通的第 18 组比嘴巴皱成皱眉的第 19 组更热情，这表明表情可能影响情绪而非仅仅是情绪影响表情。

20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

20 ，笑的生理行为可能改善情绪。

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.

纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请艾伦·吉尔伯特担任下一任音乐总监，自从2009年突然宣布这一任命以来，这一决定一直是古典音乐界议论的焦点。

For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.

至少可以说，大多数人的反应是积极的。

"Hooray!

万岁！

At last!

终于！

wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

安东尼·托马西尼，一位冷静客观的古典音乐评论家，写道。

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.

然而，任命之所以如此出人意料，其中一个原因就是吉尔伯特相对来说并不为人所知。

Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.

就连在《纽约时报》上曾支持吉尔伯特任命的托马西尼，也称他为‘一位不张扬的音乐家，身上完全没有那种令人敬畏的指挥家的气质’。

As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

作为对一个此前由古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布列兹这样著名音乐家领导的乐团下一任音乐总监的描述，这似乎至少会让一些《纽约时报》的读者觉得评价有些轻描淡写。

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.

就我而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是否是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至是否是一位出色的指挥家。

To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.

可以肯定的是，他演奏了各种令人印象深刻的有趣作品，但我不需要去艾弗里·费舍音乐厅，或任何其他地方，就能听到有趣的管弦乐作品。

All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

我只需要走到我的CD架前，或者打开电脑从iTunes下载更多的录音音乐。

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.

那些坚持认为录音无法替代现场演出的忠实音乐会观众，没有抓住重点。

For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

在艺术爱好者的时间、注意力和金钱面前，古典乐器演奏家不仅要与歌剧院、舞蹈团、剧院公司和博物馆竞争，还要与20世纪伟大古典音乐家的录音表演竞争。

These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener's choosing.

这些录音价格低廉，随处可见，而且艺术质量往往比当今的现场演出更高；此外，听众可以自由选择时间和地点来欣赏它们。

The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

这类录音的广泛可得性因此引发了传统古典音乐会制度的危机。

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.

一种可能的应对方式是，古典音乐表演者演奏一些尚未被录制的具有吸引力的新音乐作品。

Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization.

吉尔伯特对新音乐的兴趣广为人知：一位古典音乐评论家亚历克斯·罗斯曾形容他为一个有能力将爱乐乐团转变为"一个明显不同、更加充满活力的组织"的人。

But what will be the nature of that difference?

但这种差异的性质会是什么？

Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will not be enough.

仅仅扩大乐团的曲目范围是不够的。

If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.

如果吉尔伯特和爱乐乐团想要成功，他们首先必须改变美国最古老乐团与它希望吸引的新观众之间的关系。

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.

当利亚姆·麦吉于8月辞去美国银行总裁一职时，他的解释出人意料地直截了当。

Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company.

他没有像通常那样用含糊的借口来掩饰自己的离职，而是直接表示他离开是为了"追求自己经营公司的目标"。

Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my decision," McGee says.

麦吉表示，公开自己的抱负是"我自己的决定"。

Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

两周之内，他就首次与哈特福德金融服务集团的董事会进行了会谈，并于9月29日被任命为该集团的首席执行官和董事长。

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.

麦吉表示，没有事先安排好职位就离职，让他有时间反思自己想要经营什么样的公司。

It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.

这也向外界传递了一个明确的信息，表明了他的抱负。

And McGee isn't alone.

麦吉并不是唯一一个。

In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.

最近几周，Avon和American Express公司的第二把手辞职并称正在寻找首席执行官职位。

As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on.

随着董事会在股东压力下审视继任计划，那些没有获得晋升的高管也可能希望另谋高就。

A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

动荡的商业环境也使高级管理人员谨慎对待模糊的声明，以免损害自己的声誉。

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.

随着复苏的最初迹象开始显现，副手级别的高管可能更愿意在没有安全保障的情况下跳槽。

In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.

据Liberum Research数据显示，第三季度首席执行官的更换率比去年同期下降了23%，紧张的董事会选择继续留任现有的领导者。

As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

随着经济逐渐复苏，对于有抱负的领导者来说，机会将层出不穷。

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.

辞去高级职位去寻找更好的职位的决定是不寻常的。

For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.

多年来，高管和猎头一直遵循这样一个规则：最具吸引力的CEO候选人往往是那些必须被挖角的人。

Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.

科恩/费里高级合伙人丹尼斯·凯里表示："我想不到我做过的任何一次搜寻，董事会没有指示我要首先考虑现任CEO。"

Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly.

那些没有工作就跳槽的人并不总能迅速进入高层职位。

Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.

艾伦·马拉姆十年前辞去了Tropicana的首席职位，表示她想成为一名CEO。

It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.

一年后，她才成为一家小型基于互联网的商品交易所的负责人。

Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.

罗伯特·威卢姆斯塔德于2005年离开花旗集团，雄心勃勃地想成为一名CEO。

He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

三年后，他终于在一家主要的金融机构担任了这一职位。

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.

许多招聘人员表示，对于顶尖人才来说，失业的旧耻辱正在逐渐消失。

The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.

金融危机使得在工作之间空档或离开一份糟糕的工作变得更容易被接受。

"The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter.

一位猎头公司负责人说：'传统的规则是留在原地更安全，但这一规则已经被彻底颠覆了。'

"The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long.

那些受到打击最严重的人，往往是待在原岗位时间太长的人。

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.

过去衡量营销成功与否的粗略标准是，你付出多少就能得到多少。

No longer.

不再。

While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.

虽然传统的'付费'媒体，如电视广告和印刷广告，仍然发挥着重要作用，但如今企业可以利用许多替代形式的媒体。

Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.

对产品充满热情的消费者可能会通过主动向朋友推荐产品来创造'赢得的'媒体，而企业则可以通过向在其网站上注册的客户发送电子邮件，告知产品和促销信息，来利用'自有'媒体。

The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

消费者现在在做出购买决策时所采取的方式意味着，营销的影响来源于许多超出传统付费媒体范畴的因素。

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.

付费媒体和自有媒体由推广自己产品的营销人员所控制。

For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses.

对于 earned media（ earned media 指通过用户自发产生的内容或口碑传播的媒体），这些营销人员则充当用户回应的发起者。

But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.

但在某些情况下，一个营销人员的自有媒体会变成另一个营销人员的付费媒体——例如，当一家电子商务零售商在其网站上出售广告位时。

We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.

我们将这种被出售的媒体定义为自有媒体，其流量如此强大，以至于其他组织会在该环境中放置自己的内容或电子商务引擎。

This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.

我们认为这一趋势仍处于初期阶段，它实际上最早开始于零售商和旅行服务提供商，如航空公司和酒店，无疑还会进一步发展。

Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.

例如，强生公司创建了 BabyCenter，这是一个独立的媒体平台，用于推广互补性甚至竞争性的产品。

Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

除了产生收入外，其他营销人员的存在还使网站显得更加客观，为企业提供了了解其他公司营销吸引力的宝贵机会，还可能帮助所有相关公司扩大用户流量。

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

为营销人员提供更多（且更多样化）传播选择的戏剧性技术变革，同时也增加了热情消费者以更快、更明显、更具破坏性的方式表达意见的风险。

Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

此类被劫持的媒体与 earned media 相反：一项资产或活动成为消费者、其他利益相关者或活动人士的“人质”，他们会对品牌或产品提出负面指控。

Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

例如，社交网络的成员正在认识到，他们可以劫持媒体，对最初创建这些媒体的企业施加压力。

If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.

如果这种情况发生，热情的消费者会试图说服他人抵制产品，从而危及目标公司的声誉。

In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.

在这种情况下，公司的回应可能不够迅速或深思熟虑，而学习曲线也相当陡峭。

Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

例如，丰田汽车公司今年早些时候通过相对迅速且组织良好的社交媒体回应活动，缓解了部分召回危机带来的损害，其中包括在 Twitter 和社交新闻网站 Digg 等平台上直接与消费者互动的努力。

It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, "I Love My Children, I Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.

Jennifer Senior 深刻且富有争议的杂志封面故事《I Love My Children, I Hate My Life》引起广泛讨论并不令人意外——没有什么比暗示育儿体验并非完全充实、丰富人生更能引发人们讨论的了。

Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.

与其得出结论说孩子让父母变得幸福或痛苦，Senior 建议我们重新定义幸福：与其将其视为可以由瞬间快乐来衡量的东西，不如将其视为一种过去时的状态。

Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.

尽管养育孩子的日常体验可能令人精神崩溃地艰难，Senior 写道："那些在当下让我们情绪低落的事情，日后可能会成为带来强烈满足感和愉悦感的源泉。"

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.

这本周杂志封面上展示的迷人的母亲抱着可爱婴儿的图像，几乎不是新闻架上唯一的一幅圣母与孩子的画面。

There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual "Jennifer Aniston is pregnant" news.

这周新闻架上还有关于刚刚领养孩子并刚刚单身的桑德拉·布洛克的故事，以及一贯的‘詹妮弗·安妮斯顿怀孕了’的新闻。

Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.

几乎每一周都会在新闻架上出现至少一位明星妈妈或即将成为妈妈的明星微笑着的形象。

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?

在一个如此持续推崇生育的社会里，承认自己后悔生孩子，等同于承认自己支持虐杀小猫，这难道令人感到意外吗？

It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless.

因此，将有孩子的父母的遗憾与没有孩子的人的遗憾相比较似乎并不公平。

Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.

不快乐的父母很少会去想自己是否不该生孩子，而不快乐的无子女者却总是被灌输‘孩子是世界上最重要的东西’这一信息：显然，他们的痛苦必定是直接源于生活中那些空缺的、本应有孩子的巨大缺口。

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.

当然，像《Us Weekly》和《People》这样的明星杂志所呈现的父母形象是极其不现实的，尤其是在父母是像布洛克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。

According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.

根据几项研究得出的结论，有孩子的父母比没有孩子的夫妇更不快乐，而单身父母则是其中最不快乐的。

No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their "own" (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.

考虑到独自抚养孩子需要付出这么多努力，这并不令人意外；但据桑德拉和布兰妮所说，她们‘独自’抚养孩子（实际上是有全天候的帮忙）却是一件轻而易举的事。

It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

很难想象有很多人傻到仅仅因为丽丝和安吉丽娜让养育孩子看起来如此光鲜亮丽，就想要孩子；大多数成年人都明白，婴儿可不是一次理发。

But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting "the Rachel" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

但有趣的是，我们每周看到的那些无忧无虑、充满幸福感的父母形象，是否在某种程度上、潜移默化地加剧了我们对实际育儿体验的不满？就像我们内心深处曾希望剪个‘瑞秋头’就能稍微像詹妮弗·安妮斯顿一点那样。